Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Candidate in Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

2 Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of education and psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan

3 Professor, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

4 Professor, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes motor and non-motor symptoms. Non-motor symptoms such as mood disorders severely affect patients' quality of life. The interrelationship of multiple non-motor symptoms with each other makes comprehensive therapies necessary to simultaneously address different psychological aspects of patients. The present study was performed to compare the effectiveness of the treatment package based on psychological factors related to Parkinson's disease and memory specificity training (MEST) on the mood of these patients. The study was a quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design along with a control group. 18 Parkinson's patients were eligible to participate in the study, so the selection of sample subjects was nonprobability and they were randomly assigned to three groups. Due to the possible discrepancies between the groups and to adjust it, the method of analysis of covariance was used and pre-test scores were taken. Groups were matched by gender. Data collection measures were the autobiographical memory test (AMT) and Beck's Depression Inventory- second edition (BDI-II). Data were analyzed by the covariance method and SPSS v.25 software. Data analysis showed that the mean level of depression increased in the control group, while in the package therapy and MEST groups the level of depression decreased. Data analysis showed that the mean mood scores in the post-test only in the MEST group were significantly different from the control group (P <0.05). There was no significant difference in the mean mood scores of the package therapy and control groups in the post-test; however, the mean mood scores in the two groups of package therapy and MEST were not significant. According to the research findings, MEST can be effective as a multidisciplinary intervention in improving the mood of Parkinson's patients. Supporting the effect of the treatment package based on psychological factors on mood requires further research.

Keywords

Bahk, Y.C. & Choi, K.H. (2018). The relationship between autobiographical memory, cognition, and emotion in older adults: A review. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 25(6), 874-892.
Barry, T. J. Sze, W. Y. & Raes, F. (2019). A meta-analysis and systematic review of Memory Specificity Training (MeST) in the treatment of emotional disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 116, 36-51.
Buono, V. L. Palmeri, R. De Salvo, S. Berenati, M. Greco, A. Ciurleo, R. Bramanti, P. (2021). Anxiety, depression, and quality of life in Parkinson’s disease: the implications of multidisciplinary treatment. Neural Regeneration Research, 16(3), 587.
Charidimou, A. Seamons, J. Selai, C. & Schrag, A. (2011). The role of cognitive-behavioural therapy for patients with depression in Parkinson's disease. Parkinson’s Disease, 2011.
Chaudhuri, K. R. Tolosa, E. Schapira, A. & Poewe, W. (2009). The Non-Motor Symptoms Complex of Parkinson's Disease: Oxford University Press.
Dobkin, R. D. Menza, M. & Bienfait, K. L. (2008). CBT for the treatment of depression in Parkinson’s disease: a promising nonpharmacological approach. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 8(1), 27-35.
Elbaz, A. Carcaillon, L. Kab, S. & Moisan, F. (2016). Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. Revue neurologique, 172(1), 14-26.
Emsaki, G. NeshatDoost, H. T. Tavakoli, M. & Barekatain, M. (2017). Memory specificity training can improve working and prospective memory in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Dementia & neuropsychologia, 11, 255-261. [In Persian]
Erten, M. N. & Brown, A. D. (2018). Memory specificity training for depression and posttraumatic stress disorder: a promising therapeutic intervention. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 419.
Factor, S. A. & Weiner, W. J. (2007). Parkinson's disease: diagnosis and clinical management.
Hamidi, R. Fekrizadeh, Z. Azadbakht, M. Garmaroudi, G. Taheri Tanjani, P. Fathizadeh, S. & Ghisvandi, E. (2015). Validity and reliability Beck depression inventory-II among the Iranian elderly population. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 22(1), 189-198. [In Persian]
Hitchcock, C. Nixon, R. D. & Weber, N. (2014). A review of overgeneral memory in child psychopathology. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(2), 170-193.
Kaviani, H. Rahimi, P. & Naghavi, H. (1999). Review of Shortages in Retrieval of Personal Memory in Suicide Attempters. Advances in Cognitive Science, 2, 16-23. [In Persian]
Leahy, F. Ridout, N. Mushtaq, F. & Holland, C. (2018). Improving specific autobiographical memory in older adults: impacts on mood, social problem solving, and functional limitations. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 25(5), 695-723.
Maxwell, K. L. & Callahan, J. (2013). MEmory Specificity Training (MEST) for Group Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Therapist’s Manual.
Neshat-Doost, H. T. Dalgleish, T. Yule, W. Kalantari, M. Ahmadi, S. J. Dyregrov, A. & Jobson, L. (2013). Enhancing autobiographical memory specificity through cognitive training: An intervention for depression translated from basic science. Clinical Psychological Science, 1(1), 84-92.
Pfeiffer, R. F. Bodis-Wollner, I. & Pfeiffer, R. (2005). Parkinson's disease and nonmotor dysfunction (Vol. 3): Springer.
Raes, F. Williams, J. M. G. & Hermans, D. (2009). Reducing cognitive vulnerability to depression: A preliminary investigation of MEmory Specificity Training (MEST) in inpatients with depressive symptomatology. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 40(1), 24-38.
Ray, S. & Agarwal, P. (2020). Depression and anxiety in Parkinson disease. Clinics in geriatric medicine, 36(1), 93-104.
Ricarte, J. Hernández-Viadel, J. Latorre, J. & Ros, L. (2012). Effects of event-specific memory training on autobiographical memory retrieval and depressive symptoms in schizophrenic patients. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 43, S12-S20.
Ricarte, J. J. Latorre, J. M. Ros, L. Navarro, B. Aguilar, M. J. & Serrano, J. P. (2011). Overgeneral autobiographical memory effect in older depressed adults. Aging & Mental Health, 15(8), 1028-1037.
Ros, L. Latorre, J. M. & Serrano, J. P. (2009). Working memory capacity and overgeneral autobiographical memory in young and older adults. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 17(1), 89-107.
Sagna, A. Gallo, J. J. & Pontone, G. M. (2014). Systematic review of factors associated with depression and anxiety disorders among older adults with Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism & related disorders, 20(7), 708-715.
Scherbaum, R. Hartelt, E. Kinkel, M. Gold, R. Muhlack, S. & Tönges, L. (2020). Parkinson’s Disease Multimodal Complex Treatment improves motor symptoms, depression and quality of life. Journal of neurology, 267(4), 954-965.
Sharifi, M. Neshat Doost, H. T. Tavakoli, M. & Shaygannejad, V. (2015). Investigation of Autobiographical Memory Performance in Depressed and Non-depressed Patients with Multiple Sclerosis versus healthy controls. [In Persian]
Smith, S. J. Souchay, C. & Conway, M. A. (2010). Overgeneral autobiographical memory in Parkinson's disease. Cortex, 46(6), 787-793.
Souchay, C. & Smith, S. J. (2013). Autobiographical memory in Parkinson's disease: a retrieval deficit. Journal of neuropsychology, 7(2), 164-178.
Valentino, K. (2011). A developmental psychopathology model of overgeneral autobiographical memory. Developmental Review, 31(1), 32-54.
Whalley, M. G. Rugg, M. D. & Brewin, C. R. (2012). Autobiographical memory in depression: an fMRI study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 201(2), 98-106.
Williams, J. M. G. Barnhofer, T. Crane, C. Herman, D. Raes, F. Watkins, E. & Dalgleish, T. (2007). Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder. Psychological bulletin, 133(1), 122.