Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 M.A. in Psychology, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran,

2 . Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran,

3 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

Abstract

The purpose of the present research was a review of the effect of instructing negative emotion management skills on parents’ anxiety thoughts with autistic children. Method of research was quasi-experimental, and its type is a pretest-posttest design without control group. Population of the study consisted of all parents of children with pervasive developmental disorders in the “Zehne Ziba” Medical Center in Hamedan, that their number was 80. Initially, they asked parents by invitation, if they would be interested in attending to training courses in workshops of training negative emotion management, and they declared their readiness. Then, volunteer parents were assessed by the tests of anxiety thoughts, and were present parents with anxiety thoughts in this study which their number was 40. In this study anxiety thoughts questionnaire of Wells were used. The results showed that negative emotion management skills training were effective to reduce the parents’ anxiety thoughts with autistic children, and finally they were confirmed.

Keywords

انجمن روان پزشکی آمریکا. (2013)، راهنمای تشخیصی و آماری اختلالات روانی، ویراست پنجم، ترجمه یحیی سید محمدی، تهران، نشر روان، (DSM-5) 
خلعتبری، جواد؛ عزیززاده حقیقی، فرشته. (1390). تاثیر آموزش مهارت های زندگی و راهبردهای مقابله با فشار روانی بر سلامت روان دانشجویان دختر. مجله دانش و پژوهش در روان شناسی کاربردی. سال 12، شماره 22، صص، 39-30.
دلاور، علی. (1387). روش تحقیق در روان شناسی و علوم تربیتی، چاپ بیست و پنجم، تهران، نشر ویرایش.                                                        
ذوقی پایدار، محمد رضا؛ سهرابی، فرامرز؛ برجعلی، احمد و دلاور، علی. (1390). اثربخشی آموزش مهارت های مقابله‌ای مبتنی بر رویکرد شناختی - رفتاری بر اختلال استرس پس از ضربه ناشی از جنگ و افسردگی جانبازان. فصلنامه روان شناسی نظامی. سال دوم، شماره 5، صص، 16-1.
رافعی، طیبه. (1387). اوتیسم: سنجش و درمان. تهران، شماره 187-92
نریمانی، محمد؛ آقامحمدیان، حمیدرضا و رجبی، سوران. ( 1386 ). مقایسه سلامت روانی مادران کودکان استثنایی با سلامت روانی مادران کودکان عادی، فصلنامه ی اصول بهداشت روانی، 33 و 34
Campbell-Sills, L., Barlow, D. H., Brown, T. A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2006). Acceptability and suppression of negative emotion in anxiety and mood disorders. Emotion, 6, 587–595.
Carr EG, Blakeley-Smith A. Classroom intervention for illness-related problem behavior in children with developmental disabilities. Behav Modif. 2006 Nov; 30(6):901-24
Cook, EH; charak, DA; Arida, J; spohn, JA. (1994). "Depressive and obsessive – compulsive symptoms in hyper serotonemic parents of children with autistic disorder." Journal of Psychiatry Research, 52(1), 25-33.
Eysenck MW. (1997). Anxiety and cognition: A unified theory. Hove: Erlbaum
Eren, B. (2015). The useof music interventions to improve social skills in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders in integrated group music therapy sessions. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 197, 207-213.
Fay WH. (1979). Personal pronouns and the autistic child. J Autism Dev Disord. Sep; 9(3):247-60
Fennell MJ. (1984). Effects of distraction on thinking and affect in depressed patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. Feb; 23(Pt 1):65-6.
Fredrickson BL, Brown S, Cohn MA, Conway A, Mikels J. (2005). Positive emotion builds personal resource and predicts future subjective well-being. New Orleans: Paper presented at the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology.
Gray DE. (2003) High functioning autistic children and the construction of “normal family life”. Journal of Social & Medicine. 44(8): 1097-106.
Gomes P. T, Lima, L. H., Bueno, M. K, Araújo, L. A., & Souza, N. M. (2015). Autism in Brazil: A systematic review of family challenges and coping strategies.Jornal de Pediatria, 91(2), 111-121.
Hayes, A. M., & Feldman, G. (2004). Clarifying the construct of mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 255–262.
Kaplan HJ. (2000). Comprehensive textbook of psychology.
Kuhn, j; carter, A. (2006). "Maternal self efficacy and Associated parenting cognitions Among mothers of children with Autism". American journal of orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 564-575.
Lainhart, J, E. (1999). Psychiatric problems in individuals with autism, their parents, and siblings. International Review of Psychiatry. 11(4), 278-298.
Lilly, J. & Tungol, J. R. (2015). Effectiveness of mindfulness based psycho-educational program on parental stress of selected mothers of children with autism. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(1), 52-56.
Pisula, E. (2002). Parents of children with Autism: Recent research findings. Psychological functioning of mothers. Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 371-379.
Pervin, L. A. (1996). The science of personality. United state: wiley and sons
Piven, J; wzorek, M; landa, R; folstein, s. (1992). Psychiatric disorders in the parents of autistic individuals. Journal American Academy Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(2), 370- 371.
Piven, j; Palmer, P. (1999) . Psychiatric disorder and the Broad Autism phenotype: Evidence from a family study of multiple – Incidence Autism. American Journal Psychiatry, 156, 557- 563.
Rapin, I. Tuchman, RF. (2008). Autism: definition, neurobiology, screening, diagnosis. Pediatr Clin North Am. Oct; 55(5):1129
Rodebaugh, T. L. & Heimberg, R. G. (2008). Chapter 9 Emotion Regulation and the Anxiety Disorders: Adopting a Self-Regulation Perspective. Springer.
Sadock, BJ. Sadock, VA. Ruiz P. Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Schreibman, L. Koegel, RL. (2005). Training for parents of children with autism: Pivotal responses, generalization, and individualization of interventions. In: Hibbs ED, Jensen PS (Eds.). Psychosocial treatment for child and adolescent disorders: Empirically based strategies for clinical practice. 2nd. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. pp: 605-31
Watson, JC. Greenberg, LS. Goldman, R. (1996). Change processes in experiential therapy; Client-centered and experiential psychotherapy: A paradigm in motion. Vienna, Austria: Peter Lang.
Wainer, A.L., Hepburn, S., & McMahon Griffith, E. (2016). Remembering Parents inParent-Mediated Early Intervention: An Approach to Examining Impact on Parents and Families. Autism, March 7(Online), 1–13.
Wells, A. (2000). Meta cognition and emotional disorders. John Wiley & Sons LTD. England.