Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 phd student. university of Isfahan

2 Associate Professor, Department of Counseling Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Iran.

3 professor. Department of Counseling, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

4 univercity of isfahan

Abstract

Narcissism has many negative interpersonal consequences, and marital relationship is an appropriate context for many of these consequences. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of metacognitive interpersonal therapy on couple interactive damages in narcissistic man. In this research, a single subject method with A-B-A design was used. For this purpose, two couples (4 people) were selected through purposive sampling. For men, after determining the baseline level, 21 intervention sessions were performed and their wives completed questionnaires at the same time.
Semi-structured interviews (SCID), narcissistic personality inventory (NPI-40) and researcher-made Interactive damages Inventory was used. In order to analyze the collected data, visual analysis, trend index and stability index, percentage of non-overlapping data (PND) and percentage of overlapping data (POD) were used. According to the visual analyses of the data diagrams, the intervention was effective on the 4 subjects. The mean scores of 4 subjects in the baseline have decreased from 212.66, 224.33, 193.0 and 245.66 to 101.0, 113.0, 84.66 and 115.0, respectively. The percentage of non-overlapping data (PND) in the two baseline and intervention situations for the 4 subjects was 100%. The maximum percentage of improvement (MPI) was higher than 50% for all 4 participants that indicated a clinically meaningful effect. This effectiveness was observ‌able in the follow-up stage. The results of this study showed that MIT due to focus on self-awareness, interpersonal circles and schemas can reduce the couple interactive damages of narcissistic man.

Keywords

شریفی، ونداد؛ اسعدی، سید محمد؛ محمدی، محمدرضا و امینی، همایون؛ کاویانی، حسین؛ سمنانی، یوسف؛ شعبانی، امیر؛ شهریور، زهرا؛ داوری آشتیانی، رزیتا؛ حکیم شوشتری، میترا؛ صدیق، ارشیا و جلالی رودسری، محسن. (1383). پایایی و قابلیت اجرای نسخه فارسی مصاحبه ساختاریافته تشخیص برایSICD  بر اساس DSM IV. فصلنامه تازه‌های .DSM IVفصلنامه تازه­های علوم شناختی. 3، 22-8.
صفاری نیا، مجید؛ شقاقی، فرهاد و ملکی، بهرام. (1391). بررسی مقدماتی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی پرسشنامۀ شخصیت خودشیفته(NPI-40) . فصلنامهمطالعاتروان‌شناسیبالینی. 8، 92-71.
فراهانی، حجت‌الله؛ عابدی، احمد؛ آقا محمدی، سمیه و کاظمی، زینب (1389). روش‌شناسی طرح‌های مورد منفرد در علوم رفتاری و پزشکی( رویکردی کاربردی). تهران: انتشارات دانژه.
فرست، ام. بی؛ اسپتیز، آر. ال؛ ویلیامز ژانت، بی. دبیلیو (2005). الگوی مصاحبه بالینی ساختاریافته برای اختلالات محورDSM-IV.. ترجمه: پروانه محمدخانی؛ عذرا جهانی تابش، شیما تمنایی فر (1384). تهران: انتشارات فرادید.
گال، مردیت؛ بورگ، والتر و گال، جویس. (2007). روش‌هایتحقیقکمیوکیفیدرعلوم تربیتیوروان‌شناسی. ترجمه احمدرضا نصر و دیگران. (1393). جلد اول، چاپ نهم، تهران:دانشگاه شهید بهشتی.
مرادی, عیسی؛ فاتحی زاده، مریم؛ احمدی، احمد و اعتمادی عذرا. (1397). کشف آسیب­های تعاملی زوجی در مردان با علائم خودشیفته و مقایسه تأثیر مشاوره فردی و زوجی بر این آسیب­ها و کیفیت زناشویی آنان.  پایان‌نامه دکتری. دانشگاه اصفهان.
یانگ، جفری؛ کلوسکو، ژانت و مارجوری، ویشار. (2003). طرح‌وارهدرمانی، جلد دوم. ترجمه حمید پور، حسن،اندوز، زهرا. (1390). ارجمند، تهران
Abbott, P., Tyler, M., & Wallace, C. (2006). An introduction to sociology: Feminist perspectives: Routledge.
Abbott, P., & Wallace, C. (2016). Gender, power and sexuality: Springer.
Bateman, A. W., Gunderson, J., & Mulder, R. (2015). Treatment of personality disorder. The Lancet, 385(9969), 735-743.
Beck, A. T., Davis, D. D., & Freeman, A. (2015). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders: Guilford Publications.
Brewer, G., Hunt, D., James, G., & Abell, L. (2015). Dark Triad traits, infidelity and romantic revenge. Personality and Individual Differences, 83, 122-127.
Brunell, A. B., & Campbell, W. K. (2011). Narcissism and romantic relationships: Understanding the paradox. The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments, 344-350.
Campbell, W. K., Brunell, A. B., & Finkel, E. J. (2006). Narcissism, Interpersonal Self-Regulation, and Romantic Relationships: An Agency Model Approach.
Campbell, W. K., & Campbell, S. M. (2009). On the self-regulatory dynamics created by the peculiar benefits and costs of narcissism: A contextual reinforcement model and examination of leadership. Self and Identity, 8(2-3), 214-232.
Campbell, W. K., & Foster, C. A. (2002). Narcissism and commitment in romantic relationships: An investment model analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(4), 484-495.
Campbell, W. K., Foster, C. A., & Finkel, E. J. (2002). Does self-love lead to love for others? A story of narcissistic game playing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(2), 340.
Coltrane, S., & Collins, R. (2001). Sociology of marriage & the family: Gender, love, and property: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
Dimaggio, G., & Attinà, G. (2012). Metacognitive interpersonal therapy for narcissistic personality disorder and associated perfectionism. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(8), 922-934.
Dimaggio, G., Attinà, G., Popolo, R., & Salvatore, G. (2012). Personality disorders with over‐regulation of emotions and poor self‐reflectivity—The case of a man with avoidant and not‐otherwise specified personality disorder and social phobia treated with Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy. Personality and Mental Health, 6(2), 156-162.
Dimaggio, G., D'Urzo, M., Pasinetti, M., Salvatore, G., Lysaker, P. H., Catania, D., & Popolo, R. (2015). Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy for Co‐Occurrent Avoidant Personality Disorder and Substance Abuse. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 157-166.
Dimaggio, G., & Lysaker, P. H. (2010). Metacognition and severe adult mental disorders: From research to treatment: Routledge.
Dimaggio, G., & Lysaker, P. H. (2015). Metacognition and mentalizing in the psychotherapy of patients with psychosis and personality disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 117-124.
Dimaggio, G., Montano, A., Popolo, R., & Salvatore, G. (2015). Metacognitive interpersonal therapy for personality disorders: A treatment manual: Routledge.
Dimaggio, G., Salvatore, G., Fiore, D., Carcione, A., Nicolò, G., & Semerari, A. (2012). General principles for treating personality disorder with a prominent inhibitedness trait: Towards an operationalizing integrated technique. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26(1), 63-83.
Dimaggio, G., Semerari, A., Carcione, A., Nicolō, G., & Procacci, M. (2007). Psychotherapy of personality disorders: Metacognition, states of mind and interpersonal cycles: Routledge.
Dimaggio, G., Valeri, S., Salvatore, G., Popolo, R., Montano, A., & Ottavi, P. (2014). Adopting metacognitive interpersonal therapy to treat narcissistic personality disorder with somatization. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 44(2), 85-95.
Edition, F. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: Am Psychiatric Assoc.
Ellis, H. (1898). Auto-erotism: A psychological study. Alienist and Neurologist (1880-1920), 19(2), 260.
Fiore, D., Dimaggio, G., Nicoló, G., Semerari, A., & Carcione, A. (2008). Metacognitive interpersonal therapy in a case of obsessive–compulsive and avoidant personality disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(2), 168-180.
Fisher, P., & Wells, A. (2009). Metacognitive therapy: Distinctive features: Routledge.
Foster, J. D., Campbell, W. K., & Twenge, J. M. (2003). Individual differences in narcissism: Inflated self-views across the lifespan and around the world. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(6), 469-486.
Freud, S. (1914). (1957). On narcissism: An introduction. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 14, pp. 67-104).
Gaines Jr, S. O. (2016). Personality and close relationship processes: Cambridge University Press.
Ghorbani, N., Watson, P., Hamzavy, F., & Weathington, B. L. (2010). Self-knowledge and narcissism in Iranians: Relationships with empathy and self-esteem. Current Psychology, 29(2), 135-143.
Grant, B. F., Chou, S. P., Goldstein, R. B., Huang, B., Stinson, F. S., Saha, T. D., . . . Pickering, R. P. (2008). Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV borderline personality disorder: results from the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 69(4), 533.
Grijalva, E., Newman, D. A., Tay, L., Donnellan, M. B., Harms, P. D., Robins, R. W., & Yan, T. (2015). Gender differences in narcissism: A meta-analytic review. Psychological bulletin, 141(2), 261.
Heine, S. J., & Hamamura, T. (2007). In search of East Asian self-enhancement. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(1), 4-27.  
Keith Campbell, W., Miller, J. D., & Buffardi, L. E. (2010). The United States and the “Culture of Narcissism” An Examination of Perceptions of National Character. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(3), 222-229.
L'Abate, L. (2006). Personality in intimate relationships: Socialization and psychopathology: Springer.
Lasch, C. (1991). The culture of narcissism: American life in an age of diminishing expectations: WW Norton & Company.
Lavner, J. A., Lamkin, J., Miller, J. D., Campbell, W. K., & Karney, B. R. (2016). Narcissism and newlywed marriage: Partner characteristics and marital trajectories. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7(2), 169.
McWilliams, N. (1994). Psychoanalytic diagnosis: New York: Guilford Press.
Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., Hyatt, C. S., & Campbell, W. K. (2017). Controversies in narcissism. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 13, 291-315.
Millon, T., Millon, C. M., Meagher, S. E., Grossman, S. D., & Ramnath, R. (2012). Personality disorders in modern life: John Wiley & Sons.
Muran, J. C., & Safran, J. D. (1998). Negotiating the therapeutic alliance in brief psychotherapy: An introduction.
Neimeyer, R. A. (2000). Narrative disruptions in the construction of the self.
Newhill, C. E., Safran, J. D., & Muran, J. C. (2003). Negotiating the therapeutic alliance: A relational treatment guide: Guilford Press.
Paulhus, D. L. (1998). Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self-enhancement: A mixed blessing? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1197.
Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556-563.
Pincus, A. L., & Lukowitsky, M. R. (2010). Pathological narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 421-446.
Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(5), 890.
Semerari, A. (2010). The impact of metacognitive dysfunctions in personality disorders on the therapeutic relationship and intervention technique.
Singh, G. (2006). Determination of cutoff score for a diagnostic test. Internet J Lab Med, 2, 1-4.
Skodol, A. E., Bender, D. S., & Morey, L. C. (2014). Narcissistic personality disorder in DSM-5. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5(4), 422.
Twenge, J. M., Konrath, S., Foster, J. D., Keith Campbell, W., & Bushman, B. J. (2008). Egos inflating over time: A cross‐temporal meta‐analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality, 76(4), 875-902.
Vohs, J. L., & Leonhardt, B. L. (2016). Metacognitive reflection and insight therapy for borderline personality disorder: a case illustration of an individual in a long term institutional setting. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 46(4), 255-264.
Vohs, K. D., & Finkel, E. J. (2006). Self and relationships: Connecting intrapersonal and interpersonal processes: Guilford Press.
Wallace, H. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2002). The performance of narcissists rises and falls with perceived opportunity for glory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(5), 819.
Watson, P., & Biderman, M. D. (1994). Narcissistic Traits Scale: Validity evidence and sex differences in narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 16(3), 501-504.
Wells, A. (2002). Emotional disorders and metacognition: Innovative cognitive therapy: John Wiley & Sons.