Clinical Psychology Studies

Abstract Objective: With the expansion of communication technologies, psychotherapy services are increasingly delivered through in-person, online, and hybrid formats, each offering distinct experiences for clients. The present study aimed to comparatively explore clients’ lived experiences of in-person, online and hybrid psychotherapy using a descriptive phenomenological approach.
Research Methodology: The present study was conducted using a descriptive phenomenological approach in 2025 in the city of Tabriz. The participants consisted of 35 clients of psychotherapy services who were selected through purposive sampling and assigned to three groups: in-person (n = 11), online (n = 9), and hybrid (n = 15). Prior to participation in the study, clients had received psychotherapy services in one of these formats from licensed counseling and psychology professionals holding at least a doctoral degree. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Colaizzi’s (1978) phenomenological method.
Findings: Data analysis resulted in the identification of six themes: quality of the therapeutic relationship; clients’ emotional experiences; practical and environmental factors; perceived effectiveness of the psychotherapy process; perceptions of the therapist’s role and the therapeutic process; and clients’ self-perceptions and personal changes. In-person psychotherapy was associated with deeper therapeutic relationships and a stronger sense of presence and empathy. Online psychotherapy facilitated accessibility and greater freedom of expression but was accompanied by technical limitations and reduced nonverbal communication. Hybrid psychotherapy provided a more balanced and flexible experience and contributed to continuity and stability in the counseling process.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that each psychotherapy format has specific strengths and limitations; however, hybrid psychotherapy may serve as an effective approach for addressing diverse client needs and enhancing the effectiveness of psychotherapy services.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of individual-couples factors on the creation and continuation of work-family conflict in married nurses. The statistical population of this study was all married nurses with work-family conflict working at Trita Specialty Hospital in 1997, out of which 16 persons who scored higher on the clean line in Carlson questionnaire were available through convenience sampling. In-depth interviews were conducted and data were analyzed using a qualitative approach based on the data base method. The findings of this study on individual factors causing work-family conflict in married nurses were that decreasing levels of physical and psychological health, job responsibility, role expectation stress, and decreasing motivational resources that exacerbate conflict occurrence, and It reduces one's psychological and physical well-being. Also regarding parental factors, causing work-family conflict among married married nurses, the findings were that emotional exhaustion, interference with housework and the way nursing profession looked at work-family conflict interfered with work roles and reduced family roles.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the interventional program of cognitive-behavioral games on social and emotional skills in children with high-performance autism disorders in Tehran. The research method was a semi-experimental, pre-test, post-test with control group. The statistical population included all children with high-performance autism disorders in the year 1396-97 in Tehran. A total of 10 boys aged 5 to 15 years with high-performance autism disorders were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly placed in experimental and control groups. The profile of social autism skills (Blinney, Rezaie, 1391) and emotional checklist (self-made) were used to collect data. An interventional program of cognitive-behavioral games was conducted in 10 sessions, 60 minute for the experimental group. The results of this study showed that interventional program of cognitive-behavioral games significantly (p< 0/05), improved social and emotional skills. Given the effectiveness of the intervention program cognitive-behavioral games are recommended to be used continuously in educational and rehabilitation program for educational and rehabilitation centers.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on students’ adaptability. The method of the research was quasi-experiment with control group and pre-test and post-test and follow-up. The study’s population consists of Isfahan University students from which 40 students were selected by voluntary sampling and randomly assigned to the experimental and control group (20 in each group). Experimental group participated in 8 sessions weekly. Data were collected by career adaptability questionnaire (CASS) and analyzed by SPSS-19 and analysis of variance (ANOVA) method with repetitive measurements. Finding demonstrated significant difference between two groups in career adaptability and it’s subscales about Concern, Control, Curiosity and Confidence in post-test phase. Also the test results implied stability of ACT on adaptability and its subscales. By the end, ACT can be used as an effective method in increasing adaptability.

Abstract Wellbeing of the population is the main goal of each country. This study aimed to the structural model of self-compassion and psychological well-being, self-esteem and body image among female students of Shiraz University with mediator. The study population consisted girl students of Shiraz University. For this purpose, a sample of 280 student were selected using a one-step cluster sampling. The scale body image, well-being, self-compassion and self-esteem was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using path analysis by AMOS software. The proposed model is based on the hypothesis was tested. The results show that the model is a good fit. Based on the results of the structural model, "self-compassion is a predictor of body image and self-esteem", "body image is a predictor of well-being” and so "self-esteem is a predictor of body image". Indirect influences are consisting of "self-compassion influences on self-esteem on body image" and "influences self-compassion on body image on well-being ".  Study the importance of self-esteem, body image and self-pity in well-being shows

Abstract Aging is a critical period in human life. Considering the specific needs of this period, it is highly important to pay attention to The Religious Orientation and its influencing factors in the elderly. Given the importance of this issue in maintaining and improving people’s health, the present study aims to investigate the relationship between Religious Orientation and irrational beliefs in the elderly. The statistical population included all the elders of Kahrizak sanitarium in 2014, among women and men individuals were selected using simple random sampling. Then the selected samples individually answered the Religious Orientation and irrational beliefs questionnaires. The results showed that the exogenous variables Irrational Beliefs Religious orientation, variable helplessness in the face of change (26 / 0- = r; 05 / 0p <) and irresponsibility emotional variables (33 / 0- = r; 05 / 0p <) relation there was a significant positive. Results of regression analysis showed that the extrinsic religious orientation 62/0 explain irrational beliefs. The variable Irrational Beliefs, Internal religious orientation, helpless in the face of changing variables (68 / 0- = r; 00 / 0p <), variable demand for approval of others (40 / 0- = r; 00 / 0p <), identical avoid the problem (56 / 0- = r; 00 / 0p <) variable emotional irresponsibility (57 / 0- = r; 00 / 0p <) have a significant negative correlation. The results of regression analysis showed that intrinsic religious orientation 42/0 explain irrational beliefs. It can be said that irrational beliefs are one of the factors affecting the elderly’s Religious Orientation.