Clinical Psychology Studies

Abstract The present study was to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on health promotion and positive meta-emotions in women with obsessive-compulsive disorder in Isfahan.This research was applied in terms of purpose and quantitative (correlation). The study population included all women referred to psychological and counselling services centres in Isfahan in 2023-2024. The sample consisted of 20 people who were selected by convenience sampling, and due to the gradual referral of patients to counselling centres, it was not possible to randomly assign samples. Finally, 20 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) who received obsessive-compulsive disorder (DSM-5) through a diagnostic interview were divided into two groups: schema therapy (10 people) and waiting list (10 people). Participants completed the questionnaires of Goldberg (1972), Beer and Montea (2010), and Young Der (1994) for health promotion, positive meta-emotion, and schema therapy variables. The data were analysed using structural equation modelling using SPSS-26 and R-4.2 software.Based on the findings, it was shown that schema therapy is effective in increasing the improvement of physical symptoms, physical function, positive emotions, silencing thoughts, and changing emotions. Also, schema therapy is effective in reducing anxiety and depression.

Abstract Cognitive models of depression propose that negative schemas and Early Maladaptive Schema contribute to depressive symptoms. The purpose of this study is to identify the early maladaptive Schema of patients with depression disorder. The method of study is descriptive. Research Statistics involves all patients with depression disorder who have come to the counseling centers of Tehran and Hamadan. The method of Sample choosing is stratified sampling. This study conducted among 120 patients with depression disorder. Instruments in this study were included Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Short Form of Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ). The analysis of the results showed high correlation between early maladaptive Schema and symptoms of depression disorder (P < 0.05). Regression analysis showed that early maladaptive schema of social isolation/alienation, enmeshment/undeveloped self and emotional inhibition were independent predictors of depression disorder. The results of the present study indicates that identifying Schema of depression in patients can help them understand the predisposing factors their problem.

Abstract The present study aimed to study the effectiveness of schema mode therapy on the increasing of explicit and implicit self -esteem in narcissistic personality disorder was carried out. In this study, the A-B single-subject design, and multiple baseline were used. The study sample was three clinic clients in Qazvin who were selected by purposive sampling. So that, the clients after answering to the Third Version of Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MMPI-III(, were diagnostic interviewed by psychiatrist, and they were diagnosed with Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD). First, at baseline, subjects (2 female, 1 male), responded to the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). After drawing the baseline data, the treatment process was followed in accordance with the principles of the single subject experimental designs and all three subjects entered to the treatment plan one after another. Schema therapy in 20 individual 60-minute sessions weekly for 2 sessions was administered and 1 month after the end of treatment, follow-up period followed. Finally, the data obtained using descriptive statistics, visual analysis charts with trend indicators, stability, percentage data unoverlapping (PND), and the percentage overlapping data (POD) were analyzed. The results showed that schema mode therapy on the increasing of the explicit self-esteem in narcissistic personality disorder was not effective, but on their implicit self-esteem was effective. According to the results, schema therapy on improving and increasing of the explicit self-esteem in narcissistic personality disorder is efficient and effective, and can be used in the treatment of symptoms that they are due to low implicit self-esteem in narcissism patients.

Abstract Marital interactions are known as one of the most important predictors of marital quality. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Schema Therapy on interactional pathology of married men with avoidant personality traits. For this purpose, the single case method with multiple baselines design was used. Participants of the study were four married men with avoidant personality traits who were selected by purposeful sampling. Two men received 19 sessions and two others received 20 sessions of Schema Therapy, and follow-up was performed in a two-month period. To determine the participants' scores in interactional pathology, the researcher-made questionnaire was used. Visual analysis of the data based on the parameters of descriptive statistics and visual analysis showed that Schema Therapy reduced the interactional pathology among married men with avoidant personality traits. Schema Therapy can be used to reduce the interactional pathology and increase marital quality of married men with avoidant personality traits.

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of group schema therapy on the modified early maladaptive schemas and reduction of social anxiety disorder symptoms in students. This was an experimental research, and a pre-test, post-test and control group design was applied. The statistical population of this study included male students in Isfahan University with social anxiety disorder symptoms in the academic year 1392-93. The sample of the study included 20 male students among the male students in Isfahan University identified by the scales of Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) through simple random sampling. Then, they were assigned to two groups of control and experimental (n₁=n₂=10), and assessed with early maladaptive schemas scale and Social Phobia Inventory. The Experimental group received group schema therapy training for 2 months (8 sessions of 90 minutes) while the control group received no training at all. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) showed that group schema therapy in reducing symptoms of social anxiety and fear of negative evaluation and avoidance is effective, but no significant effect on symptoms of physiologically distress. In addition, the results showed that schema therapy were significantly improved early maladaptive schemas in all except two schemas abandonment / instability and subjugation (p < 0/05). Schema therapy can be used as an effective intervention for early maladaptive schemas modification and reduction of social anxiety disorder symptoms.

Abstract The present research aimed to review the development of third wave of psychotherapy with especial emphasize on schema therapy. Third wave of psychotherapy originally derived from Cognitive Behavioral psychotherapy. The first wave started with classic behaviorism approach and psychotherapy based on experimental behavior and learning studies. The second wave based on cognitive process and its role on pathogenesis and treatment of mental disorders. Third wave of psychotherapy synthesizes the two approaches integrating the eastern spiritual rituals, including meditation and transcendental techniques in relation to the traditional CBT. Proposed by Geoffrey Young and thought to be part of the third-wave therapy, schema therapy mostly lays stress on dealing with personality disorders, specifically those that have proven to be somewhat resistant to classic Cognitive Behavioral therapeutic techniques.

Abstract The present essay, deal with analysis and critical evaluation of researches in schema therapy area through qualitative method. Five theses have been selected and evaluated among all theses done in Allameh Tabataba’i University, which applied schema therapy in their researches. In addition to analysis and evaluation, critical neglected issues and significant unanswered questions in schema therapy area, are discussed. Present review shows that in some cases the schema therapy is being employed without regarding to theoretical principles and adequate assessment of its appropriateness. A critical issue neglected in this area is examination the role of early maladaptive schemas in chronic psychological disorders that have been considered difficult to treat. There is a significant question that if early maladaptive schemas is moderator or mediator variable in the process of development of disorders and psychotherapy.

Abstract Although various psychological methods exist for treating
symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), meta-analyses
show that many patients suffering from the disorder still show no or
little response to treatments. The present study therefore aimed to
provide an answer to the question, ‘Does schema therapy have an
effect on reducing symptoms of trauma recurrence in wounded in
actions with PTSD?’, and to evaluate effectiveness of the new therapy
method on treating chronic symptoms which were resistant to other
psychological therapies. The study used a single-case empirical design
with multiple baselines. Scales used were Young Schema
Questionnaire (short from), Young Compensation Inventory, YoungRygh Avoidance Inventory, Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, and
Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. The statistical society included
wounded in actions with chronic PTSD symptoms, of which 3 were
chosen for the study using purposeful convenient sampling. The
treatment consisted of 21 sessions for each subject with a two-month
follow-up. The data were analyzed using various statistical methods,
including mean, coefficient of variation, Z-test, and clinical cure rate.
Findings indicated that schema therapy was successful in
reducing symptoms of recurrent PTSD and in decreasing activity of
maladaptive schemas. Moreover, the results sustained in the follow-up
phase.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of schema therapy on decreasing hypochondria of persons consulting health care centers in Urmia. For this purpose, the method of random sampling was used to choose 20 participants out of the whole clients consulting health care centers in Urmia. The participants were randomly divided into experimental and control groups, and Illness Attitudes Scale was administered as the pre-test. The experimental group received 20 sessions of schema therapy while the control group received no intervention. The same test was administered to both groups as the post-test and follow-up test. The analysis of covariance method was used to interpret the results. The results showed that the level of hypochondria in experimental group was significantly lower than the control group in post-test and follow-up test (p<0/001).

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the activation pattern of maladaptive schems in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. For this porpose 42 patients with OCD and 70 subjects as control group were studied. They were administered SCL90-R and structured clinical interview for diagnosis of DSM-IV mental disorder the young schema questionnaire short form the young parenting inventory and the yale brown obsessive compulsive scal . the YSQ total score of the OCD group was significantly highe than the control group. The average score of the patient with OCD on most schemas were significantly higher than the average score of the control group. This study demonstrates that in addition to significant relation between SCL90-R total scores with YSQ YPI-F and YPI-M most important of the early maladaptive schemas including: entitlement, unrelenting standards