Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 PhD Candidate of Psychology, Islamic Azad University. Borujerd Branch. Borujerd , Iran
2 Associate Professor of Assessment & Measurement Depatrment , Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran. Iran(Corresponding Author)
3 Assistant Professor of Psychology Department , Borujerd Branch , Islamic Azad University, Borujerd ,Iran.
4 Assistant Professor of Motor Behavior Department , Borujerd, Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd , Iran
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of therapy by the help of a pet animal with play therapy in school children with behavioral disorders.
The present study was applied regarding its purpose and is semi-experimental with three groups and pre- and post-tests. The statistical population included all male school students who attended to the Education Counseling Center and Mahan Counseling Center and were identified to have behavioral disorders. The sample of the study was divided into one control group and two experimental groups, each including 15 participants with entry criteria, selected based on random sampling. For evaluating behavioral disorders in them, Rutter questionnaire (teacher scale) was used. Ten treatments sessions were held with the involvement of a pet animal for the first experimental group, based on the suggested content materials of Parish-Plus (2016) and Fine (2015). The content materials for play therapy with the second experimental group was developed and presented in 10 treatment sessions based on the suggestions of Cdauson and Sceffer (2010). To test the hypotheses of the study, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests were run using SPSS. The results indicated that both therapy methods were effective for reducing behavioral disorders. No significant difference was observed between the two methods regarding the reducing role in behavioral disorders. It seems that both play therapy and therapy with the help of a pet animal had significant effects on reducing behavioral disorders in school children.
Keywords
آزادیمنش، پگاه؛ حسینخانزاده، عباسعلی؛ حکیمجوادی، منصور؛ وطنخواه، محمد (1395). اثربخشی بازیدرمانی عروسکی بر پرخاشگری کودکان مبتلا به اختلال بیشفعالی/نارسایی توجه. مجله پزشکی ارومیه. 28(2): 90-83.
آذرنیوشان، بهزاد؛ بهپژوه، احمد؛ غباریبناب، باقر (1391). اثر بازیدرمانی با رویکرد شناختی- رفتاری بر مشکلات‌رفتاری دانشآموزان کم‌توان ذهنی در دوره ابتدایی، فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی کودکان استثنایی، 12(2). 16-5.
بهمنی، مهسا؛ نعیمی، ابراهیم؛ رضایی، سعید (1397). اثربخشی برنامه مداخلهای بازیهای شناختی – رفتاری بر مهارتهای اجتماعی و هیجانی کودکان مبتلابه اختلال اتیسم با عملکرد بالا. فصلنامه مطالعات روانشناسی بالینی. 8(31). 176-157.
پیرعباسی زینب، صفرزاده سحر (1397). اثربخشی بازیدرمانی گروهی بر مشکلات رفتاری و عملکرد حافظه دانشآموزان دبستانی دختر دارای اختلال یادگیری خاص، نشریه روانپرستاری، 6 (2)، 70-61.
جاری، محسن؛ کلیشادی، رویا؛ اردلان، گلایل؛ طاهری، مجذوبه؛ تسلیمی، مهناز؛ مطلق، محمداسماعیل (1394). شیوع اختلالات رفتاری در کودکان ایران. مجله علمی پژوهشی تحقیقات نظام سلامت. 12(1): 113-109.
جلیلیان، فرزاد؛ رخشانی، فاطمه؛ احمدپناه، محمد؛ زینت مطلق، فاضل؛ معینی، بابک؛ مقیم بیگی، عباس؛ امدادی، شهره (1391). شیوع و عوامل مرتبط با اختلالات رفتاری در دانش آموزان دبستانی شهر همدان. مجله پزشکی بالینی ابن سینا. 19(4): 68-62.
سینا، پریا (1396). بررسی اثر بخشی بازی درمانی در درمان اختلالات مهارتهای ارتباطی و پرخاشگری در دختران زیر 6 سال شهرستان گچساران، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، رشته روانشناسی عمومی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد گچساران.
شجاعی، ستاره؛ همتی علمدارلو، قربان؛ مرادی، شهرام؛ دهشیری، غلامرضا (1387). شیوع اختلالهای رفتاری در دانشآموزان دوره ابتدایی استان فارس. مجله کودکان استثنایی. شماره 28: 240-225.
صریحی، نفیسه؛ پورنسایی، غزل سادات؛ نیکاخلاق، مهناز (1394). اثربخشی بازی درمانی گروهی بر مشکلات رفتاری کودکان پیش دبستانی، فصلنامه روانشناسی تحلیلی-شناختی، 6 (23)، 41-35.
عاشوری، محمد؛ دلالزاده بیدگلی، فاطمه (1397). اثربخشی بازی درمانی مبتنی بر مدل شناختی رفتاری بر مشکلات رفتاری و مهارتهای اجتماعی کودکان پیشدبستانی با اختلال نارسایی توجه-بیشفعالی. مجله توانبخشی، 19 (2)، 115-102.
غباریبناب، باقر؛ پرند، اکرم؛ حسین خانزاده فیروزجاه، عباسعلی (1388).میزان شیوع مشکلات رفتاری دانشآموزان مقطع ابتدایی شهر تهران. پژوهش در حیطه کودکان استثنایی. 9(3): 238-223.
فتوحی، زهرا (1392). اثربخشی بازی درمانی بر اختلالات رفتاری و کیفیت دلبستگی کودکان دوره پیش دبستانی شهر اصفهان، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، رشته روانشناسی عمومی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد مرودشت.
قدمپور، عزتاله؛ شهبازیراد، افسانه؛ محمدی، فرشته؛ عباسی، منظر (1394). اثربخشی بازی درمانی بی رهنمود بر کاهش اختلالات رفتاری کودکان پیش دبستانی، فصلنامه روانشناسی تربیتی، 11 (38)، 127-114.
کداسن، جی. اچ؛ و شفر، ئی. اس. (2010). برگزیده‌ای از روش‌های بازیدرمانی. ترجمه سوسن صابری و پریوش وکیلی (1389). تهران: انتشارات ارجمند.
کشکولی، غضنفر (1379). بررسی همهگیرشناسی اختلالات رفتاری کودکان در مدارس ابتدایی شهرستان بوشهر. دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی و درمانی ایران. انستیتو روانپزشکی تهران.
کهریزی، سمیه (1392). اثربخشی شن بازی درمانی بر کاهش اختلالات رفتاری کودکان پیش دبستانی، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، رشته روانشناسی عمومی، دانشگاه رازی
مقدم، مرضیه؛ یاسمی، محمدتقی؛ بینا، مهدی؛ عبدالملکی، فریدون؛ باقری یزدی، سید عباس (1381). مطالعه اپیدمیولوژیک اختلالات رفتاری دانشآموزان دبستانی شهرستان قروه در سال 80-81. مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی دانشگاه کردستان. 7(25): 12-7.
مهرابی، حسینعلی (1384). بررسی میزان شیوع اختلالات رفتاری در دانشآموزان دوره ابتدایی شهر اصفهان. اصفهان: سازمان آموزش و پرورش استان اصفهان.
یوسفی، فریده (1377). هنجاریابی مقیاس راتر به منظور بررسی مشکلات رفتاری و عاطفی دانش آموزان دختر و پسر مدارس ابتدائی شیراز، مجله علوم اجتماعی و انسانی دانشگاه شیراز، 13(1)، 192-172.
Adams, B. L. (2010). Using horses to teach authentic leadership skills to at-risk youth: University of Florida.
Allen, K., Blascovich, J., & Mendes, W. B. (2002). Cardiovascular reactivity and the presence of pets, friends, and spouses: The truth about cats and dogs. Psychosomatic medicine, 64(5), 727-739.
Ascione, FR., Weber, CV,. Thompson, TM,. Heath, J,. Maruyama M, Hayashi K. (2007). Battered pets and domestic violence: animal abuse reported by women experiencing intimate violence and by nonabused women. Violence Against Women. 2007 Apr;13(4):354-73. DOI: 10.1177/1077801207299201
Baggerly, J. N. (2004). The effects of child-centered group play therapy on self-concept, depression, and anxiety of children who are homeless. International Journal of Play Therapy, 13 (2), 31-51.
Barak. Y,. Savorai. O,. Mavashev. S,. Beni A. (2001). Animal-assisted therapy for elderly schizophrenic patients: a one-year controlled trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. ;9(4):439-42.
Bert, F., Gualano, M. R., Camussi, E., Pieve, G., Voglino, G., & Siliquini, R. (2016). Animal assisted intervention: A systematic review of benefits and risks. European Journal of Integrative Medicine.
Braun C, Stangler T, Narveson J, Pettingell S. (2009). Animal-assisted therapy as a pain relief intervention for children. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 15 (2009) 105–109.
Braun, C., Stangler, T., Narveson, J., & Pettingell, S. (2009). Animal-assisted therapy as a pain relief intervention for children. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 15(2), 105-109.
Brown,G, (2007). Relationship between child centered play therapy and developmental levels of young children: A single case analysis, University of North Texas.
Corey, G. (2014). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Covert, A. M., Whiren, A. P., Keith, J., & Nelson, C. (1985). Pets, early adolescence, and families. Marriage and Family Review, 8, 95-108.
Doh H, Shin N, Kim M, Hong J, Choi M, Kim S. (2012). Influence of marital conflict on young children's aggressive behavior in South korea: The mediating role of child maltreatment. Children Youth Serv Rev; 34: 1742-8.
Dashti Z. (2016). The Effect of Play Therapy on Abilities and Behavioral Problem in Children with ADHD Disorders in Shiraz. The First International Conference on Modern Research in the Field of Education Sciences & Psychology and Social Studies of Iran; Qom2016.
Edwards, NE,. Beak. AM,. (2002). Animal-assisted therapy and Nutrition in Alzheimer's disease. West J Nurs Res. ;24(6):697-712.
Evans, S.W., Mullett, E. Weist, M.D & ,Franz K. (2005). Feasibility of the mind matters school mental health promotion program in American schools.Journal of youth and Adolescence.58-22,50
Fine, A. H. (2000). Animals and therapists: Incorporating animals in outpatient psychotherapy. In A. H. Fine (Ed.), Animal-assisted therapy: Theoretical foundations and guidelines for practice (pp. 179–211). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Fine, A. H. (2015). Handbook on animal-assisted therapy: Foundations and guidelines for animal-assisted interventions: Academic Press.
Genna. D., Natacha M, Dale, M., et al. (2010). From Risky Behavior to Health Risk:Continuity Across Two Generations. Journal of the Developm Behavioral. 27(4): 297- 309.
Ghaedniay Jahromi, A., Hatami, M., Farmani Shahreza, S., & Darharaj, M. (2014). Comparison of Behavioral Disorders Prevalence Rate In Children With Employed And Unemployed Mothers. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Research, 1(3), 576-581.
Hallahan DP, Kauffman JM, Pullen PC. (2015). Exceptional learners: An introduction to special education. New York: Pearson;
Harland P, Reijneveld SA, Brugman E, Verloove-Vanhorick SP, Verhulst FC. (2002). Family factors and life events as risk factors for behavioural and emotional problems in children. Journal of the European child Adolesc psychiatry. 11(4):179-84.
Jafari, N., Mohammadi, M. R., Khanbani, M., Farid, S., & Chiti, P. (2011). Effect of Play Therapy on Behavioral Problems of Maladjusted Preschool Children. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 6(1), 37-42.
Jayne KM, Ray DC. (2016). Child-centered play therapy as a comprehensive school counseling approach: Directions for research and practice. Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies.; 15(1):5-18. [DOI:10.1080/14779757.2015.1132757]
Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR. (2005). Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Journal of the Arch Gen Psychiatry. 62(6):593-602.
King. C., Watters. J., Munger. S. (2011). Effect of a time-out session with working animal-assisted therapy dogs. Journal of Veterinary Behavior Clinical Applications and Research 6(4):232-238
Landreth, G. L. (2012). Play therapy: The art of the relationship: Routledge
Lang, U. E., Jansen, J. B., Wertenauer, F., Gallinat, J., & Rapp, M. A. (2010). Reduced anxiety during dog assisted interviews in acute schizophrenic patients. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2(3), 123-127.
Levine, M. M. & Bohn, S. (1986). Development of social skills as a functioning being reared with pets. Proceedings of Delta Society International Conference. Living Together: People, Animals, and the Environment, Boston, MA.
Matza, L. S., Paramore, C., & Prasad. M. (2005). A review of the economic burden of ADIID. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation: CIE, 9, 3- 5.
Miller, J., & Ingram, L. (2000). Perioperative nursing and animal-assisted therapy. AORN journal, 72(3), 477-483.
Nimer, J., & Lundahl, B. (2007). Animal-Assisted Therapy: A Meta-Analysis. Anthrozoos, 20(3), 225-238.
Parish-Plass, N. (2016). Animal-assisted psychotherapy: Theory, issues, and practice: Purdue University Press.
Prothmann. A,. Bienert. M,. Ettrich. C,. (2006). Dogs in child psychotherapy: Effects on state of mind. Anthrozoos A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals 19(3):265-277
Ray, D. C; Blanco, P. J; Sullivan, J. M; & Holliman, R. (2009). An exploratory study of child-centered play therapy with aggressive children. International journal of play therapy, 18(3), 162-175.
Richert, E. (1998). Individual counseling for sexually abused children: A role for animals and storytelling. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. 15(3): 177-185.
Robinson, A. Simpson, C and Hott, L. (2017). The Effects of Child-Centered Play Therapy on the Behavioral Performance of Three First Grade Students With ADHD, International Journal of Play Therapy,, Vol. 26, No. 2, 73– 83.
Rutter. M. (1967). A children's behaviour questionnaire for completion by teachers: preliminary findings. Journal of child Psychology and Psychiatry, 8(1), 1-11.
Sabrina E. B,. Schuck,. Natasha A. Emmerson,. Aubrey H,. Fine and Kimberley D,. Lakes. (2015). Canine-Assisted Therapy for Children With ADHD: Preliminary Findings From The Positive Assertive Cooperative Kids Study. Journal of Attention Disorders. 19(2): 125-137.
Sarah M. Rabbitt, Alan E. Kazdin & Joanna E. Hong. (2015). Acceptability of Animal-Assisted Therapy: Attitudes toward AAT, Psychotherapy, and Medication for the Treatment of Child Disruptive Behavioral Problems. A multidisciplinary journal of the interactions of people and animals. 27(3): 335-350.
Scott. K. (2003). Dogs are the best part of the d.e.a.l. Interactions, 21(2): 11-12.
Silva, R. D. M. d., Austregesilo, S. C., Ithamar, L., & Lima, L. S. d. (2016). Therapeutic play to prepare children for invasive procedures: a systematic review. Jornal de Pediatria, in press.
Smith, C. R., Katsiyannis, A., & Ryan, J. B. (2011). Challenges of serving students with emotional and behavioral disorders: Legal and policy considerations. Journal of Behavioral Disorders, 36(3), 185.194.
Stefanini, M. C., Martino, A., Allori, P., Galeotti, F., & Tani, F. (2015). The use of Animal-Assisted Therapy in adolescents with acute mental disorders: A randomized controlled study. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 21(1), 42-46.
Stefanini, M. C., Martino, A., Bacci, B., & Tani, F. (2016). The effect of animal-assisted therapy on emotional and behavioral symptoms in children and adolescents hospitalized for acute mental disorders. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 8(2), 81-88.
Stulmaker, H. L., & Ray, D. C. (2015). Child-centered play therapy with young children who are anxious: A controlled trial. Children and Youth Services Review, 57, 127-133.
Urichuk, L. J., & Anderson, D. (2003). Improving mental health through animal-assisted therapy. Alberta, Canada: Chimo Project.
Val Rae, M. B. 2008. Effects of Animal-Assisted Therapy on a Student with an Emotional/Behavioral Disorder, Southwest Minnesota State University, JAASEP. 25-47.
Warner, J. (2004). Petting a pooch can lift your mood. Retrieved July 4, 2006 from WebMD, Medical News Archive Web site: http://www.webmd.com content/Article/87/99525.htm?printing=true
Wethinton, H. R,. Hahan, R. A,. Fugua-Whiteley, D. S,. Pe, T. A,. Crosloy, A. E,. Johnnson, R. L,. Liberman, A. M,. Mosci chi, E,. Price, L. N,. Tuma, F. K,. Halra, G,. Chatto. & Padhyay, S. K. (2008). The effectiveness of interventions to reduce psychology harm form traumatic events among child and adolescents. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(3): 287-373.
Wolfe, D A., Mash, E J (2006). Behavioral and emotional disorders in adolescents: Nature, Assessment, and Treatment ). The Guilford press. Library of congress cataloging-inpublication data, New York: London.
Zeng, G. (2007). An exploratory investigation of the internalizing problem behavior among children from kindergarten to third grade. A dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for PhD degree, University of Pennsylvania.
Zents. E. (2017). Efficacy of animal-Assisted therapy in lowering anxiety symptoms of adolescents in schools. A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Alfred University. in partial Fulfillment of the Rquirements for the Degree of Doctor of Psychology in School Psychology Alfred, New York.
)