Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 department of psychology, faculty of economic and social sciences, Bu-ali sina university, Hamedan, Iran
2 Bu-Ali Sina University, Faculty of Economics & Social Science, Department of Psychology, Hamadan, Iran
3 Ph.D student in Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran
Abstract
This study aimed to presenting the structural model of appearance management based on self-compassion with the mediating roles of external shame and body image dissatisfaction. The method of the present study was correlation analysis based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of female students residing in the dormitory of Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamedan. Among them , 400 individuals were selected randomly. They filled out Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), Others As Shamer Scale (OAS), Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI), and Body Management Scale (BMS). Since 23 individuals did not fill out the questionnaires,377 questionnaires were examined through structural equation analysis. The results of structural equations indicated that all of direct and indirect relationships were significant; thus, all variables had pairwise relationships. On the other hand, external shame had a significant mediating role in the relationship between self-compassion and appearance management (z= -3.32, p < 0.01). In other words, self-compassion, due to the mediation of external shame , can predict appearance management. In addition, body image dissatisfaction had a significant mediating role in the relationship between self-compassion and appearance management (z= -4.03, p < 0.01). Hence, self-compassion, due to the mediation of body image dissatisfaction, could predict appearance management. Following the results, it can be concluded that self-compassion, with the mediating roles of external shame and body image dissatisfaction, can predict appearance management. These variables can be considered to modify body management
Keywords
Albertson, E. R., Neff, K. D., & Dill-Shackleford, K. E. (2015). Selfcompassion and body dissatisfaction in women: A randomized
controlled trial of a brief meditation intervention. Mindfulness, 6(3),
444-454.
Balcetis, E., Cole, S., Chelberg, M. B., & Alicke, M. (2013). Searching out
the ideal: Awareness of ideal body standards predicts lower global selfesteem in women. Self and Identity, 12(1), 99-113.
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003).
Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success,
happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public
Interest, 4(1), 1-44.
Berry, K. A., Kowalski, K. C., Ferguson, L. J., & McHugh, T. L. F. (2010).
An empirical phenomenology of young adult women exercisers' body
155 The Structural Model of Appearance Management based ….
self‐compassion. Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise, 2(3), 293-
312.
Brady, J. (2016). Body image experiences among Asian American women: A
qualitative intersectionality framework ,Doctoral dissertation,
University of Maryland, College Park.
Braun, T. D., Park, C. L., & Gorin, A. (2016). Self-compassion, body image,
and disordered eating: A review of the literature. Body image, 17, 117-
131.
Cash, T. F. (2012). Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance.
Academic Press.
Cash, T. F., & Fleming, E. C. (2002). The impact of body image
experiences: development of the body image quality of life
inventory. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31(4), 455-460.
Cash, T. F., & Pruzinsky, T. (Eds.). (2004). Body image: A handbook of
theory, research, and clinical practice. Guilford Press
Cash, T. F., & Szymanski, M. L. (1995). The development and validation of
the Body-Image Ideals Questionnaire. Journal of Personality
Assessment, 64(3), 466-477.
Coleman, K. (2016). Comparing ourselves to others: How body image
distortion and dissatisfaction affects body size estimates among female
college students, Doctoral dissertation, Marywood University.
Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2004). The costly pursuit of selfesteem. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 392-414.
Czub, T. (2013). Shame as a self-conscious emotion and its role in identity
formation. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 44(3), 245-253.
De Lourdes, M., Cerqueira, L., Pinto-Bastos, A., Marôco, J., Palmeira, L.,
Brandão, I., ... & Conceição, E. (2021). Understanding Uncontrolled
Eating after Bariatric Surgery: The Role of Excessive Skin and Body
Image Shame. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(13), 2967.
Ferreira, C., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Duarte, C. (2013). Self-compassion in the
face of shame and body image dissatisfaction: Implications for eating
disorders. Eating Behaviors, 14(2), 207-210.
Foroughi, A., Khanjani, S., Kazemini, M., & Tari, F. (1394). Factor
structure and psychometric properties of the Iranian version of the external
shame scale. Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 2, 49-57.
Gardner, R. M., & Brown, D. L. (2010). Comparison of video distortion
and figural drawing scale for measuring and predicting body image
dissatisfaction and distortion. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(7),
794-798.
Gee, A., & Troop, N. A. (2003). Shame, depressive symptoms and
eating, weight and shape concerns in a non-clinical sample. Eating and
Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 8(1), 72-75.
Quarterly of Clinical Psychology Studies, Vol. 11, No. 41, Winter 2021 156
Gilbert, P. (2007). The evolution of shame as marker for relationship
security. In J. Tracy, R. Robins, J. Tangney (red.). The self-conscious
emotions. Theory and Research, 283-309.
Gilbert, P. (2009). Introducing compassion-focused therapy. Advances in
Psychiatric Treatment, 15(3), 199-208.
Gilbert, P. (2003). Evolution, social roles, and the differences in shame
and guilt. Social Research: An International Quarterly, 70(4), 1205-1230.
Gilbert, P., & Irons, C. (2009). Shame, self-criticism, and selfcompassion in adolescence. Adolescent Emotional Development and the
Emergence of Depressive Disorders, 1, 195-214.
Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people
with high shame and self‐criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group
therapy approach. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13(6), 353-379.
Goss, K., & Allan, S. (2009). Shame, pride and eating disorders. Clinical
Psychology and Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory and
Practice, 16(4), 303-316.
Goss, K., Gilbert, P., & Allan, S. (1994). An exploration of shame
measures—I: The other as Shamer scale. Personality and Individual
Differences, 17(5), 713-717.
Grogan, S. (2010). Promoting positive body image in males and females:
Contemporary issues and future directions. Sex Roles, 63(9), 757-765.
Gioia, F., Griffiths, M. D., & Boursier, V. (2020). Adolescents’ body
shame and social networking sites: The mediating effect of body image
control in photos. Sex Roles, 83(11), 773-785.
Heidarkhani, A., Hajia A., L., & Rahmani, G. (2013). The relationship
between the dimensions of cultural capital and women's appearance
management. Journal of Women and Culture, 18, 55-69.
Huang, J. S., Norman, G. J., Zabinski, M. F., Calfas, K., & Patrick, K.
(2007). Body image and self-esteem among adolescents undergoing an
intervention targeting dietary and physical activity behaviors. Journal of
Adolescent Health, 40(3), 245-251.
Kelly, A. C., & Stephen, E. (2016). A daily diary study of selfcompassion, body image, and eating behavior in female college
students. Body Image, 17, 152-160.
Kelly, A. C., Zuroff, D. C., & Shapira, L. B. (2009). Soothing oneself
and resisting self-attacks: The treatment of two intrapersonal deficits in
depression vulnerability. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33(3), 301.
Kim, S., Thibodeau, R., & Jorgensen, R. S. (2011). Shame, guilt, and
depressive symptoms: a meta-analytic review. Psychological
Bulletin, 137(1), 68.
Khajeh Nouri, B., Rouhani, A., & Hashemi, S. (2011). Lifestyle and
management. Journal of Women's Sociology, 2(4), 21-48
157 The Structural Model of Appearance Management based ….
Khajeh Nouri, Bijan; Moghaddas, Ali Asghar (2009). The relationship
between body imagination and the globalization process: A case study of
women in Tehran, Shiraz, Estahban. Applied Sociology, 20, (1), 1-24
Keyvanara, R. J. (2010). Social stratification and body correction:
Cosmetic surgery as a symbol of social base. Quarterly Journal of the
Women's Socio-Cultural Council, 12(47), 73-98
Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Batts Allen, A., & Hancock, J.
(2007). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events:
The implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 92(5), 887.
Lewis, M. (2003). The role of the self in shame. Social Research: An
International Quarterly, 70(4), 1181-1204.
Littleton, H. L., Axsom, D., & Pury, C. L. (2005). Development of the
body image concern inventory. Behaviour Research and therapy, 43(2), 229-
241.
MacBeth, A., & Gumley, A. (2012). Exploring compassion: A meta-analysis
of the association between self-compassion and
psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 545-552.
Marta-Simões, J., Ferreira, C., & Mendes, A. L. (2016). Exploring the effect
of external shame on body appreciation among Portuguese young
adults: The role of self-compassion
Mansourinik A, Davoudi I, Neisi A, Mehrabizadeh Honarmand M,
Tamannaeifar M R. (2019). The relationship between body discrepancy
and body image maladaptive coping strategies in female students: The
mediating role of self-compassion and body shame. Jourrnal of
Research in Psychological Health; 12 (4) :1-15
Matos, M., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Gilbert, P., Duarte, C., & Figueiredo, C.
(2015). The other as shamer scale: Development and validation of a
short version of a measure of external shame. Personality and
Individual Differences, 74, 6-11.
Melo, D., Oliveira, S., & Ferreira, C. (2019). The link between external and
internal shame and binge eating: the mediating role of body imagerelated shame and cognitive fusion. Eating and Weight DisordersStudies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 1-8.
Mohammadi, N., Sajjadinejad, M. A. (2007). Assessment of Psychometric
Indicators Questionnaire Concerns about body image and test of body
mass index communication model, body image dissatisfaction and selfesteem in adolescent girls. Psychological Studies, 3(1), 60-75
Modarressi, K. (2013). Explaining the sociological relationship between life
style and body management among women in Sanandaj. Master Thesis.
Kurdistan University, Faculty of Literature and Humanities.
Quarterly of Clinical Psychology Studies, Vol. 11, No. 41, Winter 2021 158
Neff, K. (2003a). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a
healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-101.
Neff, K. D. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure
self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223-250.
Neff, K. D. (2011). Self‐compassion, self‐esteem, and well‐being. Social and
Personality Psychology Compass, 5(1), 1-12.
Neff, K. D., & Costigan, A. P. (2014). Self-compassion, wellbeing, and
happiness. Psychologie in Österreich, 2(3), 114-119.
Neff, K. D., & Vonk, R. (2009). Self‐compassion versus global self‐esteem:
Two different ways of relating to oneself. Journal of Personality, 77(1),
23-50.
Paap, C. E., & Gardner, R. M. (2011). Body image disturbance and
relationship satisfaction among college students. Personality and
Individual Differences, 51(6), 715-719.
Paxton, S. J., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Hannan, P. J., & Eisenberg, M. E.
(2006). Body dissatisfaction prospectively predicts depressive mood
and low self-esteem in adolescent girls and boys. Journal of Clinical
Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35(4), 539-549.
Pinto‐Gouveia, J., Ferreira, C., & Duarte, C. (2014). Thinness in the pursuit
for social safeness: An integrative model of social rank mentality to
explain eating psychopathology. Clinical Psychology and
Psychotherapy, 21(2), 154-165.
Puhl, R. M., & Brownell, K. D. (2003). Psychosocial origins of obesity
stigma: Toward changing a powerful and pervasive bias. Obesity
Reviews, 4(4), 213-227.
Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction
and factorial validation of a short form of the self‐compassion
scale. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250-255.
Shahbazi, M., Rajabi, G., Maqami, I., & Jalodari, A. (2015). The structure of
the confirmatory factor of the Persian version of the scale of selfregulated self-compassion in a group of prisoners. Psychological
Methods and Models, 6(19), 31-46
Sedighimornani, N., Rimes, K. A., & Verplanken, B. (2019). Exploring the
relationships between mindfulness, self-compassion, and shame. Sage
Open, 9(3), 1-9.
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assessment using body size estimation in recent studies on anorexia
nervosa. A brief review. European Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, 10(4), 215-221.
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yourself: The role of self‐compassion in adolescent body satisfaction
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809-816.
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university women: The relationship between self-esteem, selfcompassion, and intuitive eating. International Journal of Healing and
Caring, 13(2), 1-20.
Schmidt, C. K., Raque‐Bogdan, T. L., & Hollern, E. A. (2019).
Self‐compassion, affect, and body image in College women. Journal of
College Counseling, 22(2), 152-163.
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the ideal: Awareness of ideal body standards predicts lower global selfesteem in women. Self and Identity, 12(1), 99-113.
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003).
Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success,
happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public
Interest, 4(1), 1-44.
Berry, K. A., Kowalski, K. C., Ferguson, L. J., & McHugh, T. L. F. (2010).
An empirical phenomenology of young adult women exercisers' body
155 The Structural Model of Appearance Management based ….
self‐compassion. Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise, 2(3), 293-
312.
Brady, J. (2016). Body image experiences among Asian American women: A
qualitative intersectionality framework ,Doctoral dissertation,
University of Maryland, College Park.
Braun, T. D., Park, C. L., & Gorin, A. (2016). Self-compassion, body image,
and disordered eating: A review of the literature. Body image, 17, 117-
131.
Cash, T. F. (2012). Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance.
Academic Press.
Cash, T. F., & Fleming, E. C. (2002). The impact of body image
experiences: development of the body image quality of life
inventory. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31(4), 455-460.
Cash, T. F., & Pruzinsky, T. (Eds.). (2004). Body image: A handbook of
theory, research, and clinical practice. Guilford Press
Cash, T. F., & Szymanski, M. L. (1995). The development and validation of
the Body-Image Ideals Questionnaire. Journal of Personality
Assessment, 64(3), 466-477.
Coleman, K. (2016). Comparing ourselves to others: How body image
distortion and dissatisfaction affects body size estimates among female
college students, Doctoral dissertation, Marywood University.
Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2004). The costly pursuit of selfesteem. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 392-414.
Czub, T. (2013). Shame as a self-conscious emotion and its role in identity
formation. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 44(3), 245-253.
De Lourdes, M., Cerqueira, L., Pinto-Bastos, A., Marôco, J., Palmeira, L.,
Brandão, I., ... & Conceição, E. (2021). Understanding Uncontrolled
Eating after Bariatric Surgery: The Role of Excessive Skin and Body
Image Shame. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(13), 2967.
Ferreira, C., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Duarte, C. (2013). Self-compassion in the
face of shame and body image dissatisfaction: Implications for eating
disorders. Eating Behaviors, 14(2), 207-210.
Foroughi, A., Khanjani, S., Kazemini, M., & Tari, F. (1394). Factor
structure and psychometric properties of the Iranian version of the external
shame scale. Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 2, 49-57.
Gardner, R. M., & Brown, D. L. (2010). Comparison of video distortion
and figural drawing scale for measuring and predicting body image
dissatisfaction and distortion. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(7),
794-798.
Gee, A., & Troop, N. A. (2003). Shame, depressive symptoms and
eating, weight and shape concerns in a non-clinical sample. Eating and
Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 8(1), 72-75.
Quarterly of Clinical Psychology Studies, Vol. 11, No. 41, Winter 2021 156
Gilbert, P. (2007). The evolution of shame as marker for relationship
security. In J. Tracy, R. Robins, J. Tangney (red.). The self-conscious
emotions. Theory and Research, 283-309.
Gilbert, P. (2009). Introducing compassion-focused therapy. Advances in
Psychiatric Treatment, 15(3), 199-208.
Gilbert, P. (2003). Evolution, social roles, and the differences in shame
and guilt. Social Research: An International Quarterly, 70(4), 1205-1230.
Gilbert, P., & Irons, C. (2009). Shame, self-criticism, and selfcompassion in adolescence. Adolescent Emotional Development and the
Emergence of Depressive Disorders, 1, 195-214.
Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people
with high shame and self‐criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group
therapy approach. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13(6), 353-379.
Goss, K., & Allan, S. (2009). Shame, pride and eating disorders. Clinical
Psychology and Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory and
Practice, 16(4), 303-316.
Goss, K., Gilbert, P., & Allan, S. (1994). An exploration of shame
measures—I: The other as Shamer scale. Personality and Individual
Differences, 17(5), 713-717.
Grogan, S. (2010). Promoting positive body image in males and females:
Contemporary issues and future directions. Sex Roles, 63(9), 757-765.
Gioia, F., Griffiths, M. D., & Boursier, V. (2020). Adolescents’ body
shame and social networking sites: The mediating effect of body image
control in photos. Sex Roles, 83(11), 773-785.
Heidarkhani, A., Hajia A., L., & Rahmani, G. (2013). The relationship
between the dimensions of cultural capital and women's appearance
management. Journal of Women and Culture, 18, 55-69.
Huang, J. S., Norman, G. J., Zabinski, M. F., Calfas, K., & Patrick, K.
(2007). Body image and self-esteem among adolescents undergoing an
intervention targeting dietary and physical activity behaviors. Journal of
Adolescent Health, 40(3), 245-251.
Kelly, A. C., & Stephen, E. (2016). A daily diary study of selfcompassion, body image, and eating behavior in female college
students. Body Image, 17, 152-160.
Kelly, A. C., Zuroff, D. C., & Shapira, L. B. (2009). Soothing oneself
and resisting self-attacks: The treatment of two intrapersonal deficits in
depression vulnerability. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33(3), 301.
Kim, S., Thibodeau, R., & Jorgensen, R. S. (2011). Shame, guilt, and
depressive symptoms: a meta-analytic review. Psychological
Bulletin, 137(1), 68.
Khajeh Nouri, B., Rouhani, A., & Hashemi, S. (2011). Lifestyle and
management. Journal of Women's Sociology, 2(4), 21-48
157 The Structural Model of Appearance Management based ….
Khajeh Nouri, Bijan; Moghaddas, Ali Asghar (2009). The relationship
between body imagination and the globalization process: A case study of
women in Tehran, Shiraz, Estahban. Applied Sociology, 20, (1), 1-24
Keyvanara, R. J. (2010). Social stratification and body correction:
Cosmetic surgery as a symbol of social base. Quarterly Journal of the
Women's Socio-Cultural Council, 12(47), 73-98
Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Batts Allen, A., & Hancock, J.
(2007). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events:
The implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 92(5), 887.
Lewis, M. (2003). The role of the self in shame. Social Research: An
International Quarterly, 70(4), 1181-1204.
Littleton, H. L., Axsom, D., & Pury, C. L. (2005). Development of the
body image concern inventory. Behaviour Research and therapy, 43(2), 229-
241.
MacBeth, A., & Gumley, A. (2012). Exploring compassion: A meta-analysis
of the association between self-compassion and
psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 545-552.
Marta-Simões, J., Ferreira, C., & Mendes, A. L. (2016). Exploring the effect
of external shame on body appreciation among Portuguese young
adults: The role of self-compassion
Mansourinik A, Davoudi I, Neisi A, Mehrabizadeh Honarmand M,
Tamannaeifar M R. (2019). The relationship between body discrepancy
and body image maladaptive coping strategies in female students: The
mediating role of self-compassion and body shame. Jourrnal of
Research in Psychological Health; 12 (4) :1-15
Matos, M., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Gilbert, P., Duarte, C., & Figueiredo, C.
(2015). The other as shamer scale: Development and validation of a
short version of a measure of external shame. Personality and
Individual Differences, 74, 6-11.
Melo, D., Oliveira, S., & Ferreira, C. (2019). The link between external and
internal shame and binge eating: the mediating role of body imagerelated shame and cognitive fusion. Eating and Weight DisordersStudies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 1-8.
Mohammadi, N., Sajjadinejad, M. A. (2007). Assessment of Psychometric
Indicators Questionnaire Concerns about body image and test of body
mass index communication model, body image dissatisfaction and selfesteem in adolescent girls. Psychological Studies, 3(1), 60-75
Modarressi, K. (2013). Explaining the sociological relationship between life
style and body management among women in Sanandaj. Master Thesis.
Kurdistan University, Faculty of Literature and Humanities.
Quarterly of Clinical Psychology Studies, Vol. 11, No. 41, Winter 2021 158
Neff, K. (2003a). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a
healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-101.
Neff, K. D. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure
self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223-250.
Neff, K. D. (2011). Self‐compassion, self‐esteem, and well‐being. Social and
Personality Psychology Compass, 5(1), 1-12.
Neff, K. D., & Costigan, A. P. (2014). Self-compassion, wellbeing, and
happiness. Psychologie in Österreich, 2(3), 114-119.
Neff, K. D., & Vonk, R. (2009). Self‐compassion versus global self‐esteem:
Two different ways of relating to oneself. Journal of Personality, 77(1),
23-50.
Paap, C. E., & Gardner, R. M. (2011). Body image disturbance and
relationship satisfaction among college students. Personality and
Individual Differences, 51(6), 715-719.
Paxton, S. J., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Hannan, P. J., & Eisenberg, M. E.
(2006). Body dissatisfaction prospectively predicts depressive mood
and low self-esteem in adolescent girls and boys. Journal of Clinical
Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35(4), 539-549.
Pinto‐Gouveia, J., Ferreira, C., & Duarte, C. (2014). Thinness in the pursuit
for social safeness: An integrative model of social rank mentality to
explain eating psychopathology. Clinical Psychology and
Psychotherapy, 21(2), 154-165.
Puhl, R. M., & Brownell, K. D. (2003). Psychosocial origins of obesity
stigma: Toward changing a powerful and pervasive bias. Obesity
Reviews, 4(4), 213-227.
Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction
and factorial validation of a short form of the self‐compassion
scale. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250-255.
Shahbazi, M., Rajabi, G., Maqami, I., & Jalodari, A. (2015). The structure of
the confirmatory factor of the Persian version of the scale of selfregulated self-compassion in a group of prisoners. Psychological
Methods and Models, 6(19), 31-46
Sedighimornani, N., Rimes, K. A., & Verplanken, B. (2019). Exploring the
relationships between mindfulness, self-compassion, and shame. Sage
Open, 9(3), 1-9.
Skrzypek, S., Wehmeier, P. M., & Remschmidt, H. (2001). Body image
assessment using body size estimation in recent studies on anorexia
nervosa. A brief review. European Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, 10(4), 215-221.
Pullmer, R., Coelho, J. S., & Zaitsoff, S. L. (2019). Kindness begins with
yourself: The role of self‐compassion in adolescent body satisfaction
159 The Structural Model of Appearance Management based ….
and eating pathology. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 52(7),
809-816.
Stapleton, P. B., & Nikalje, A. (2013). Constructing body image in
university women: The relationship between self-esteem, selfcompassion, and intuitive eating. International Journal of Healing and
Caring, 13(2), 1-20.
Schmidt, C. K., Raque‐Bogdan, T. L., & Hollern, E. A. (2019).
Self‐compassion, affect, and body image in College women. Journal of
College Counseling, 22(2), 152-163.
Strahan, E. J., Wilson, A. E., Cressman, K. E., & Buote, V. M. (2006).
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