Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 department of Psychology, school of psychology and educational sciences. shahid chamran university of ahvaz. ahvaz, iran

2 professor,department of psychology, school of psychology and educational sciences, shahid chamran university of ahvaz, ahvaz, iran

Abstract

This study aimed at examining the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on time perspective and emotional well-being among the individuals suffering from generalized anxiety disorder symptoms. The research method was semi-experimental with control and experimental groups conducted in pre-test and post-test phases. As many as 30 students suffering from generalized anxiety disorder symptom were selected by means of convenience sampling method. They were also randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. The experimental group received an eight- session intervention regarding mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, while the control group received no interventions at all. Before and after the interventions, data were gathered using Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (Zimbardo, 1999) along with subjective well-being (Keyes, Magyar-Moe, 2003). Afterwards, they were analyzed by means of covariance analysis. According to the findings, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of post-test scores for time perspective and emotional well-being. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy interventions have led to a-71% change in future vision perspectives, a-51% change in transcendent future, a-74% change in the present destiny, a-67% change in the optimistic present, a-67% change in the positive past and a-65% change in the negative past of the experiment subjects.(p<0/05). Likewise, compared to the subjects in the control group, the ones in experimental group exhibited higher scores in the emotional well-being post-test. (p,<0/05) .Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is effective in broadening time perspective as well as enhancing emotional well-being in individuals suffering from generalized anxiety disorder symptoms.

Keywords

آقابابایی، سارا و تقوی، مریم (1398)، اثربخشی شناخت درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی بر بهزیستی روان‌شناختی مادران کودکان اوتیسم و علائم کودکان، مجله روان­شناسی و روان‌پزشکی شناخت، دوره 6، شماره 6، 88-100.
بیرامی، منصور. موحدی، یزدان. کاظمی رضایی، سید ولی. اسماعیلی، سودابه (1394)، تأثیر درمان شناختی مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی در کاهش نگرانی آسیب‌شناختی و علائم اضطرابی دانش آموزان مبتلا به اختلال اضطراب فراگیر، پژوهش توان‌بخشی در پرستاری، دوره 2، شماره 1، ص 90-79.
رجبی، غلام‌رضا. (1391)، روایی و اعتبار نسخه فارسی مقیاس بهزیستی ذهنی در بیماران سرطانی، مجله روان­شناسی سلامت، شماره 4، ص 31 -41.
رحیمی، سعید (1397)، رابطه چشم‌انداز زمان، ویژگی‌های شخصیتی، ذهن آگاهی و امید به زندگی با بهزیستی روان‌شناختی دانشجویان، پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد روان­شناسی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی.
گلستانی بخت، طاهره (1386)، ارائه الگوی بهزیستی و شادمانی در جمعیت شهر تهران، پایان‌نامه دکتری روان­شناسی، دانشگاه الزهرا.
گودرزی، میترا. قاسمی، ندا. قدم پور، عزت‌الله. غلامرضایی، سیمین (1398)، اثربخشی روان‌درمانی مثبت بر چشم‌انداز زمان، خوش‌بینی و بهزیستی هیجانی دانشجویان دختر دارای علائم اختلال افسردگی، مجله مطالعات زن و خانواده، دوره 7، شماره 2، ص 157- 182
وحیدی دستجردی، لیلا ونیلفروشان، پریسا (1394)، امید شغلی: نقش عوامل شخصی، اجتماعی و حمایت خانواده، مجله روان­شناسی مثبت، شماره 4، ص 15-28
American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-5. Washington DC London, and England: Author.
Åström, E. Wiberg, B. Sircova, A. Wiberg, M. & Carelli, M, G (2014)," Insights into features of anxiety through multiple aspects of psychological time", Journal of Integrative Psychology and Therapeutics, 2(3),145-167.
Beek, W. V. Berghuis, H. Kerkhof, A. & Beekman, A (2010)," Time perspective, personality and psychopathology: Zimbardo's time perspective inventory in psychiatry", Time and Society Journal, 20(30), 364-374.
Bohlmeijer, E. Prenger, R,. Taal, E. & Cuijpers, P (2012)," The effects of mindfulness-based stress reductiontherapy on mental health of adults with a chronic medical disease: A meta-analysis", J Psychosom Res, (68), 539-544.
Bower, E. Wetherell, J. L. Mon, T. & Lenze, E. J (2015)," Treating anxiety disorders in older adults: Current treatments and future directions", Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 23(5), 329–342.
Brown, K.W. & Ryan, R.M (2003), "The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being", Journal of personslity and social psychology, 84(4), 822-84.
Brown, K.W. Ryan, R. M. & Creswell, J.D (2003), "Mindfulness theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects", Psychological Inquiry, 18(4), 211-237.
Cardaciotto, LA (2005) Assessing mindfulness: The develop of a bi-dimensional measure of awareness and acceptance Doctoral dissertation. University of Drexel, USA.
Carmody, J. & Bear, R. A (2007), "Relationship between mindfulness practice and level of mindfulness, medical and psychological symptoms and well-being in mindfulness stress reduction program", Behavioral Medicine, 31, 23-33.
Dany, L. Roussel, P. Laguette, V. Lagouanelle-Simeoni, M. C. & Apostolidis, T (2016), "Time perspective, socioeconomic status, and psychological distress in chronic pain patients", Psychology, health & medicine, 21(3), 295-308.
Dugas, M. & Robichaud, M. (2007)," Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder", Translated by Mehdi Akbari, Masood Chinshodian and Ahmad Abedian, Tehran, Arjmand Publications. [In Persian].
Evans, S. Ferrando, S. Findler, M. Stowell, C. Smart, C. & Haglin D (2008)," Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder", J Anxiety Disord, (22), 716-721
Fledderus, M. Bohlmeijer, F. Smit & Westerhof, G.J (2010), " Mental healt promotion as a new goal in public mental health care: a randomized controlled trial of an intervention enhancing psychological flexibility", American Journal of Public Health, 100(12), 2372-2379.
Fortunato, V. J. & Furey,J.T. (2010)," The theory of MindTime: The relationships between thinking perspective and time perspective". Personality and Individual Differences,48, 436–441.
Garling, T. Gamble, A. Fors, F. Hjerm, M (2016), " Emotional well- being Related to Time pressure, Impediment to Goal Progress, and stress- related symptoms". Journal of happiness studies, 17(5): 1789- 1799
Goldin PR, Gross JJ (2010), "Effects of mindfulnessbased stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder", Emotion, (10), 83-91.
Kabat-Zinn J. (2003)," Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and future", Clin Psychol Sci Pract,10(2),144–56.
Keng, S.L. M.J. Smoski & C.J. Robins (2011), "Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies" Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6): 1041-1056
Keyes, C. L. M. (1998)," Social well-being", social psychology Quarterly,61.121-140
Keyes, C. L. M, & Magyar- Moe, J. L (2003). The measurement and utility of adult subjective well- being. In S. J. Lopez & and C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positivepsychological assessment: A handbook of model and measures (pp. 411-425). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Kuyken, W. Crane, R. & Wiliams, M(2012). Mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT) implementation resources. Mindfulness centers at Exeter bangor and oxford universities.
Leonard, N.R. A.P.Jha, B. Casarjian, M. Goolsarran, C. Garcia, C.M. & Massy, Z(2013)," "Mindfullness training improves attentional task performance in incarcerated youth: agroup randomized controlled intervention trial", Frontiers in psychology, 4,792-810.
McKay, M. T. Worrell, F. C. Temple, E. C. Perry, J. L. Cole, J. C. & Mello, Z. R (2015)," Less is not always more: The case of the 36-item short form of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory", Individual Differences, 72, 68-71. personality
Milfont, T. L. Andrade, P. R. Belo, R. P. & Pessoa, V. S (2008),"Testing zimbardo time perspective inventory in a Brazilian sample", Inter-American journal of psychology, 42(1),49-58
 Papastamtelou, J. uger A. Giatakos, O. & Athaasiadou, F. (2015)," Is time perspective a predictor of anxiety and perceived stress? Some preliminary results from Greece", National academy of psychology (NAOP), 60(4),468-477.
Penedo,F. J. Benedict, C. Zhou, E. S. Rasheed, M. Traeger, L. Kava, B. R. Soloway, M. Czaja, S. Antoni, M. H (2013), "Association of stress managmement skills and perceived stress with physical and emotional well- being among advanced orostrate cancer survivors following androgen deprivation treatment". Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 20: 25-32
 Seema, R. & A. Sircova (2013). "Mindfulness – a Time Perspective?". Estonian Study, Vol.14
Segal, Z.V. Williams, J.M.G. & Teasdale J.D. (2002), Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression—A new approach to preventing relapse. Guilford Press; New York.
Shapiro, S.L. D. Oman, C.E. Thoresen, T.G. Plante & T. Flinders (2008). "Cultivating Mindfulness: Effects on Well‐being". Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(7): 840-862
Stolarski, M. Bitner, J. & Zimbardo, P. G (2011)," Time perspective, emotional intelligence and discounting of delayed awards", Time & Society, 20(3), 346-363.
Stolarski, M. Fieulaine, N. & van Beek, W (2015), Time Perspective Theory; Review, Research and Application: Essays in Honor of Philip G. Zimbardo, Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
Timulak, L. McElvaney, J. (2016)," Emotion-Focused Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: An Overview of the Model", Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 46:41–52.
Vollestad J, Sivertsen B., & Nielsen, G. H. (2011)," Mindfulness-based stress reduction for patients with anxiety disorders: Evaluation in a randomized controlled trial",Behaviour Research and Therapy, 4, 281–288.
Worrell, F, C., McKay, M. T., & Andretta, J. R. (2015), "Concurrent validity of Zimbardo time perspective inventory profiles: A secondary analysis of data from the United Kingdom", Journal of Adolescence, 42(1), 128-139.
Zimbardo, P. G., Sword, R., & Sword, R. (2012)," The time cure: Overcoming PTSD with the new psychology of time perspective therapy", San Francisco, Jossey-Bass.
Zimbardo, P.G. & J.N. Boyd (1999). "Putting Time in Perspective: A Valid, Reliable Individual-Differences Metric". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271-1288.
Zimbardo, P. G. & Boyd, J. N (2008). The tim paradok: The new psychology of tim that will change youre life. New York: Free Press