Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Associate Professor of Psychology,Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Bu-Ali sina University, Hamadan, Iran.

2 M.A in psychology,Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Bu-Ali sina University, Hamadan, Iran.

3 Professor of Psychology,Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Bu-Ali sina University, Hamadan, Iran.

4 assistant Professor of Psychology,Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Bu-Ali sina University, Hamadan, Iran

Abstract

purpose: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction program on the dimensions of hardiness in children with cancer.
Method: The present study was an experimental type with pre-test-post-test design with experimental and control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of mothers of children with cancer who were hospitalized in Besat Hospital in May and June 2009, and 43 people announced their readiness to participate in the study. Finally, according to the criteria of entry and exit and drop of the subject, 28 people were selected as a sample and randomly placed in the experimental and control groups, and then after the pre-test; The 8-session Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program was implemented on the experimental group and performed on the experimental and control groups using the kobasa Hardiness Questionnaire after completing the post-test training course. after completing the training, due to the observance of ethical standards, the control group was also trained. Data were tested using covariance statistical analysis.
Results: The results of the study indicated that the mindfulness-based stress reduction program increases the overall score of hardiness in mothers of children with cancer (p = 0.020, F = 17.6). Also, a significant effect was observed on the dimensions of challenge and commitment, but no significant effect was found on the control dimension.
Conclusion: In this study, mindfulness-based stress reduction program increased the scales of challenge and control scores in mothers of children with cancer by impressing the hardiness mechanism. Therefore, the program can be performed on mothers during their children's hospital stay to make it easier for them to tolerance their child's illness.

Keywords

بشارت، محمدعلی. (1387). بررسی پایایی، روایی و تحلیل عاملی مقیاس سخت رویی. حرکت، 35، 31-46
خدادادی سنگده، قمی، میلاد. (1396). اثربخشی روان‌درمانی وجودی به شیوه‌ی گروهی بر افزایش بهزیستی روان‌شناختی مادران دارای کودکان سرطانی. مطالعات روان‌شناختی، 13(4)، 125-140.‎
سیف حسینی، آزاده؛ اسدی، جوانشیر؛ ثناگو، اکرم؛ خواجوندخوشلی، افسانه. (1398). مقایسه اثربخشی طرح‌واره ‌درمانی مبتنی بر درمان گروهی و برنامه کاهش استرس مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی بر تاب آوری مادران کودکان مبتلا به سرطان. مجله دانشکده پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد 62(4)، 411-420
قربانی، ن. (1373). ارتباط سخت رویی، الگوی رفتاری تیپ A و رفتار مستعد بیماری‌های کرونری (تیپ 2)، پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس.
گنجی، حمزه. (1389). بهداشت روانی. تهران: ارسباران
هارونی، طاهره؛ ضرابیان، محمدکاظم؛ موسوی، اشرف سادات (1398). اثربخشی آموزش مدیریت خشم بر تاب‌آوری، سخت‌رویی و سلامت عمومی دانش‌آموزان دختر هنرستانی. مجله روان‌پزشکی و روان­شناسی بالینی ایران، دوره 25، شماره 4.
یگانه، طیبه (1392). نقش جهت‌گیری‌های مذهبی در تبیین امید و بهزیستی روان‌شناختی زنان مبتلا به سرطان پستان، مجله بیماری‌های پستان ایران، 6(3): 56-47.
Ahmadiqaragezlou, N., Rahimian Boogar, I., Asadi, J., & Vojdani, R. (2020). The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction on Fear of Cancer Recurrence in Colorectal and Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Middle East Journal of Cancer11(2), 216-224.
Allen, N. B., Blashki, G., Chambers, R., Ciechomski, L., Gullone, E., & Hassed, C. (2006). Mindfulness-based psychotherapies: A review of conceptual foundations, empirical evidence and practical considerations. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 285 294.
American Cancer Society Inc. Special Section: Cancer in Children. Key Statistics for Childhood Cancers. 2017; Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-in-children/keystatistics.Html
Bartone, P. T., Valdes, J. J., & Sandvik, A. (2016). Psychological hardiness predicts cardiovascular health. Psychology, Health & Medicine21(6), 743-749.
Bissonnette, M. (1998). Optimism, hardiness, and resiliency: A review of the literature. Prepared for the child and family partnership project26(7), 21-36.
Breslin, F. C., Zack, M., & McMain, S. (2002). An information‐processing analysis of mindfulness: Implications for relapse prevention in the treatment of substance abuse. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice9(3), 275-299.
Crane, R. (2009). Mindfulness based cognitive therapy. 1st Ed. New York: Rout ledge press; 35.
Dockerty, J. D., Skegg, D. C. G., & Williams, S. M. (2003). Economic effects of childhood cancer on families. Journal of paediatrics and child health39(4), 254-258.
Doumit, M. A., Rahi, A. C., Saab, R., & Majdalani, M. (2019). Spirituality among parents of children with cancer in a Middle Eastern country. European Journal of Oncology Nursing39, 21-27.
Eschleman, K. J., Bowling, N. A., & Alarcon, G. M. (2010). A meta-analytic examination of hardiness. International Journal of Stress Management, 17(4), 277
Fletcher, P. C. (2011). My child has cancer: finding the silver lining in every mother's nightmare. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing34(1), 40-55.
Folkman, S. (1997). Positive psychological states and coping with severe stress. Social science & medicine, 45(8), 1207-1221.
Folkman, S. (2010). Stress, coping, and hope. Psychooncology19(9), 901-908.
Franck, L. S., & Callery, P. (2004). Re‐thinking family‐centred care across the continuum of children's healthcare. Child: care, health and development30(3), 265-277.
Frick, W. B. (1982). Conceptual foundations of self-actualization: A contribution to motivation theory. Journal of Humanistic Psychology22(4), 33-52.
Gao, J., Fan, J., Wu, B. W. Y., Zhang, Z., Chang, C., Hung, Y. S., ... & hung Sik, H. (2016). Entrainment of chaotic activities in brain and heart during MBSR mindfulness training. Neuroscience letters616, 218-223.
Gholami, M., Hafezi, F., Asgari, P., & Naderi, F. (2017). Comparison of the Effectiveness of Mindfulness and Spiritual/Religious Coping Skills on Health Hardiness and Somatic Complaints of Elderly with Hypertension. Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics4(3), 19-26.
Goebel S, Mehdorn HM: Measurement of psychological distress in patients with intracranial tumours: the NCCN distress thermometer. J Neurooncol 104:357–364, 2011
Judkins, S., Reid, B., & Furlow, L. (2006). Hardiness training among nurse managers: Building a healthy workplace. The journal of continuing education in nursing37(5), 202-207.
Kabat-zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe livig: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. New York: Delacorte press.
Kabat-zinn, J. (1994). Mindfulness meditation for everyday life. Newyork: Hyperion.
Kabat-zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, Present, and Future. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 10, 2, 144+-156
Kearny, J.A., Salley, C.G., & Muriel, A.C. (2015). Standards of Psychosocial Care for Parents of Children with Cancer. Pediatric Blood and Cancer, 62, S632-S683. doi: 10.1002/pbc.25761
Khoury MN, Huijer HA-S, Doumit MAA. Lebanese parents’ experiences with a child with cancer. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2013;17(1):16-21.
Kobasa SC, Maddi SR, Kahn S. Hardiness and health: a prospective study.J Pers Soc Psychol. 1982;42(1):168-77.
Kobasa, S.C. (1982). Commitment and coping in stress resistance aming lawyers, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 797-717.
Kobasa, S. C. (1988). Hardiness. In lindzey. Thompson and spring (eds.) psychology, New York: worth publishers
Maddi, S. R. (1990). Issues and interventions in stress mastery. Personality and disease, 121-154.
Maddi, S. R. (2007). Relevance of hardiness assessment and training to the military context. Military Psychology19(1), 61-70.
McCaffrey, C. N. (2006). Major stressors and their effects on the well-being of children with cancer. Journal of pediatric nursing21(1), 59-66.
McKay M, Wood JC, Brantley J. The dialectical behavior therapy skills workbook. Oakland: New Harbinger; 2007.
Mohammed, W. A., Pappous, A., & Sharma, D. (2018). Effect of mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) in increasing pain tolerance and improving the mental health of injured athletes. Frontiers in psychology9, 722.
Mojen LK, Rassouli M, Eshghi P, Sari AA, Karimooi MH. Palliative care for children with cancer in the Middle East: A comparative study. Indian J Palliat Care. 2017;23(4):379.
Moazedian, A., Aref-Nazari, M., & Ahghar, G. (2014). The Effectiveness of Hardiness Training on Test Anxiety. Iranian Journal of Cognition and Education1(1), 55-61.
Parkes, K. R., & Rendall, D. (1988). The hardy personality and its relationship to extraversion and neuroticism. Personality and Individual Differences9(4), 785-790.
Reich, R. R., Lengacher, C. A., Alinat, C. B., Kip, K. E., Paterson, C., Ramesar, S., ... & Budhrani-Shani, P. (2017). Mindfulness-based stress reduction in post-treatment breast cancer patients: immediate and sustained effects across multiple symptom clusters. Journal of pain and symptom management53(1), 85-95.
Santorelli, S., & Kabat-Zinn, J. (2002). Mindfulness-based stress reduction professional training resource manual. Worcester (MA): The Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Healthcare and Society.
Sarafino, E. P., & Smith, T. W. (2014). Health psychology: Biopsychosocial interactions. John Wiley & Sons.
Smailyte, G., Jasilionis, D., Kaceniene, A., Krilaviciute, A., Ambrozaitiene, D., & Stankuniene, V. (2013). Suicides among cancer patients in Lithuania: A population-based census-linked study. Cancer epidemiology37(5), 714-718.
Stoppelbein, L., McRae, E., & Greening, L. (2017). A longitudinal study of hardiness as a buffer for posttraumatic stress symptoms in mothers of children with cancer. Clinical practice in pediatric psychology5(2), 149.
Sultan, S., Leclair, T., Rondeau, E., Burns, W., & Abate, C. (2016). A systematic review on factors and consequences of parental distress as related to childhood cancer. European journal of cancer care25(4), 616-637.
Thompson, C. (2017). Improving Hardiness in Elite Rugby Players (Doctoral dissertation, Victoria University).
van Warmerdam, J., Zabih, V., Kurdyak, P., Sutradhar, R., Nathan, P. C., & Gupta, S. (2019). Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder in parents of children with cancer: A meta‐analysis. Pediatric blood & cancer66(6), e27677.
Vinothkumar, M., Vinu, V., & Anshya, R. (2013). Mindfulness, hardiness, perceived stress among engineering and BDS students. Indian J Positive Psychol4, 514-7.
Yalug, I., Tufan, A. E., Doksat, K. & Yalug, K. (2011). "Post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic stress symptoms in parents of children with cancer: A review". Neurology, psychiatry and brainresearch, 17, 27-31.