Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 . Associate Professor, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tabriz; email: dr.bayrami@yahoo.com

2 MA Holder, Clinical Psychology, University of Tabriz; email: e.akbari_psy@yahoo.com.

3 MA Holder, General Psychology, Member of Young Researchers Club, Islamic Azad University of Amol

4 MA Holder, Clinical Psychology, University of Tabriz

Abstract

Anxiety sensitivity, meta-worry and emotion regulation are critical psychological components involved in social anxiety disorder. The present paper seeks to study anxiety sensitivity, meta-worry and components of emotion regulation in students with and without social anxiety disorder.
This paper presents the ex post facto research design (causal-comparative method). The sample included 92 patients (46 patients with social anxiety disorder and 46 normal people). Data was collected using Wells anxiety thoughts, Gross and John emotion regulation, and Reiss and Peterson anxiety sensitivity index. They were also analyzed through MANOVA.
The results showed that there were significant differences between groups of students with and without social anxiety disorder in anxiety sensitivity, meta-worry and reappraisal. In other words, students with social anxiety disorder experience more anxiety sensitivity and meta-worry and less reappraisal than the control group. Also, there was no significant difference between groups in terms of suppression.
The anxiety sensitivity, meta-worry and reappraisal are psychological structures which play a significant role in the development of social anxiety disorder and can lead to persistence of its symptoms.

Keywords

دلاور، ع. (1380). مبانی نظری و عملی پژوهش در علوم انسانی و اجتماعی. چاپ سوم، تهران؛ انتشارات رشد.
فتی، ل.، موتایی، ف.، مولودی، ر.، و ضیایی، ک. (1389). کفایت روانسنجی نسخه فارسی پرسشنامه­ی کنترل فکر و افکار اضطرابی در دانشجویان ایرانی. مجله­ی مدل­ها و روش­های روانشناختی، 1، 104-81.
فرجی، ر.، و تکلوی، س. (1389). رابطه حساسیت اضطرابی و افسردگی در دانشجویان. سومین کنگره انجمن روانشناسی ایران، ویژه نامه فصلنامه روانشناسی معاصر، 5، 586-584.
قاسم­پور، ع.، ایل­بیگی، ر.، حسن­زاده، ش. (1391). خصوصیات روانسنجی پرسشنامه تنظیم هیجانی گراس و جان در یک نمونه ایرانی. ششمین همایش بهداشت روانی دانشجویان، دانشگاه گیلان، 724-722.
مرادی­منش، ف.، میرجعفری، س. ا.، گودرزی، م. ع.، محمدی ن. (1386). بررسی ویژگی­های روان­سنجی شاخص تجدیدنظر شده حساسیت اضطرابی (ASIR). مجله روانشناسی، 11(4 (پیاپی 44)): 426 -446.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
منابع لاتین
Amstadter, A. (2008). Emotion regulation and anxiety disorders. Anxiety Disorders. 22, 211- 221.
 Anderson, R. E., & Hope, D. A. (2009). The relationship among social phobia, physiological reactivity, and anxiety sensitivity in an adolescent population. Journal of anxiety disorders. 23, 18-26.
Andrews, G., Henderson, S., & Hall, W. (2001). Prevalence, comorbidity, disability and service utilization. Overview of the Australian National Mental Health Survey. British Journal of Psychiatry. 178, 145–153.
Balzarotti, S., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2010). An Italian Adaptation of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 26 (1), 61-67.
Borkovec, T. D., & Roemer, L. (1995). Perceived functions of worry among generalized anxiety subjects: Distraction from more emotionally distressing topics? Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 26, 25–30.
Campbell-Sills, L., Barlow, D. H., Brown, T. A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2006).  Acceptability  and  suppression  of  negative  emotion  in anxiety and mood disorders. Emotion, 6, 587–595.
Carthy, T., Horesh, N., Apter, A., Edge, M. D., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation in anxious children. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 48, 384–393.
Ciarrochi, J., Scott, G., Deane, F., & Heaven, P. (2003). Relations between social and emotional competence and mental health: A construct validation study. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1947–1963.
Clark, D. M. (2001). A cognitive perspective on social phobia. In W. R.  Crozier  &  L.  E.  Alden (Eds.), International handbook of social anxiety: Concepts, research and interventions relating to the self and shyness; Chichester: Wiley, 405-430.
Deacon Brett, J., Jonathan S., Carol M., & David, F. (2003). The Anxiety Sensitivity Index - Revised: psychometric properties and factor structure in two nonclinical samples. Behavior Research and Therapy. 41, 1427–1449.
Deacon, B., & Abramowitz, G. (2006). Anxiety sensitivity and its dimensions across the anxiety disorders. Anxiety Disorders. 20, 837–857.
Eifert, G. H., & Heffner, M. (2003). The effects of acceptance versus control contexts on avoidance of panic-related symptoms. Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 34, 293–312.
Feldner, M. T., Zvolensky, M. J., Stickle, T. R., Bonn-Miller, M. O., & Leen-Feldner, E. W. (2006). Anxiety sensitivity-physical concerns as a moderator of the emotional consequences of emotion suppression during biological challenge: an experimental test using individual growth curve analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 249–272.
Floyd, M., Garfield, A., & Marcus, T. (2005). Anxiety sensitivity and worry. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1223–1229.
Goldin, P. R., Manber, T., Hakimi, S., Canli, T., & Gross, J. J. (2009). Neural bases of social anxiety disorder: Emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation during social and physical threat. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 170–180.
Gross, J. (2007). Handbook of emotion regulation. The Guilford Press.
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual difference in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 85, 348-362.
Gross, J.J. (2001). Emotion regulation in adulthood: Timing is everything. Current Directions in PsychologicalScience. 10, 214–219.
Hayes, A. M., & Feldman, G. (2004). Clarifying the construct of mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 255–262.
Hayward, C., Killen, J. D., Kraemer, H. C., & Taylor, C. B. (2000). Predictors of panic attacks in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 207–214.
Hofmann, S. (2005). Perception of control over anxiety mediates the relation between catastrophic thinking and social anxiety in social phobia. Behavior Research and Therapy. 43, 885–895.
Jocobs, M., Snow, J., Geraci, M., Vythilingam, M., Blair, R. J. R., ., Charney, D. S., Pine, D. S., & Balir, K. S. (2008). Association between level of emotional intelligence and severity of anxiety in generalized social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 22, 1487–1495.
Kashdan, T. B., Zvolensky, M. J., & McLeish, A. C. (2008). Anxiety sensitivity and affect regulatory strategies: Individual and interactive risk factors for anxiety-related symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders; 22, 429–440.
Kashdan, T. B., Barrios, V., Forsyth, J., & Steger, M. F. (2006). Experiential avoidance as a generalized psychological vulnerability: comparisons with coping and emotion regulation strategies. Behavior research and therapy. 44, 1301-1320.
Kimbrel, N. A. (2008). A model of development and maintenance of generalized social phobia. ClinicalPsychology Review. 28, 592- 612.
Mccabe, R. E. (1999). Implicit and explicit memory for threat words in high-and low-anxiety-sensitive participants. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 23(1), 21-38.
McNally, R. J. (2002). Anxiety sensitivity and panic disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 938–946.
Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Fresco, D. M. (2002). Applying  an  emotion  regulation  framework  to  integrative approaches to generalized anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 85–90.
Rector, N., Shimizu, K., & Leybman, M. (2006). Anxiety sensitivity within the anxiety disorders: Disorder-specific sensitivities and depression comorbidity. Behavior Research and Therapy. 45, 1967–1975.
Reiss, S., Peterson, R. A., Gursky, D. M., & McNally, R. J. (1986). Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency and the prediction of fearfulness. Behavior Research and Therapy. 4, 241–248.
Rodebaugh, T. L. & Heimberg, R. G. (2008). Chapter 9 Emotion Regulation and the Anxiety Disorders: Adopting a Self-Regulation Perspective. Springer.
Ruscio, A. M., & Borkovec, T.D. (2004). Experience and appraisal of worry among high worriers with and without generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy. 42, 1469–1482.
Schmidt, N. B., Zvolensky, M. J., & Maner, J. K. (2006). Anxiety sensitivity: prospective prediction of panic attacks and Axis I pathology. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 40, 691–699.
Schultz, L. T., Heimberg, R. G. & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2008). Social anxiety disorder. In M. Hersen (Ed). Handbook of psychological assessment, case conceptualization, and treatment (pp. 204-236). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Spokas, M., Luterek, J. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (2009). Social anxiety and  emotional  suppression:  The  mediating  role  of  beliefs. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 40, 283–291.
Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., Luterek, J. A., Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D.  M. (2005). Emotion  dysregulation  in  generalized  anxiety disorder: A comparison with social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 89–106.
Wells, A. (2000). Emotional disorders and metacognition: innovative cognitive therapy. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Wells, A., & Carter, K. (2001). Further tests of a cognitive model of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Metacognitions and worry in GAD, panic disorder, social phobia, depression, and non-patients. Behavior Therapy. 32, 85–102.
Wells, A., & Papageorgiou, C. (1995). Worry and the incubation of intrusive images following stress. Behavior Research and Therapy. 33, 579–583.
Werner, K.H., Goldin, P. R., Ball, T.M., Heimberg, R.G., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Assessing Emotion Regulation in Social Anxiety Disorder: The Emotion Regulation Interview. J Psychopathol Behav Assess; 33:346–354.
Zinbarg, R. E., Barlow, D. H., & Brown, T. A. (1997). Hierarchical structure and general factor saturation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index: Evidence and implications. Psychological Assessment. 9, 277–284.
Zvolensky, M. J., Schmidt, N. B., Bernstein, A., & Keough, M. E. (2006). Risk factor research and prevention programs for anxiety disorders: a translational research framework. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1219–1239.
Ackerman, Phillip L. & Wolman, Stacey D. (2007). Determinants and validity of self-estimates of abilities and self-concept measures. Journal of experimental psychology applied. 13 (2). 57 -78.
Ascher, L. Michael, Schotte, David E., Grayson, John B. (1986). Enhancing effectiveness of paradoxical intention in treating travel restriction in agoraphobia. Behavior Therapy, 17(2), 124-130.
Charney, Dara A., Paraherakis, Antonios M., Negrete, Juan C. & Gill, Katheryn J. (1998). The impact of depression on the outcome of addictions treatment. Journal of substance abuse treatment. 15(2). 123-130.
Cho, Sunhee. (2008). Effects of logo-autobiography program on meaning in life and mental health in the wives of alcoholics. Asian nursing research, 2(2).129-139.
Detar,Todd D. (2011). Understanding the disease of addiction. Primary care. Clinics in office practices, 38(1), 1-7.
Dubois, J.M. (2000). Psychotherapy and ethical therapy: Viktor Frankls non-reductive approach. Logo therapy and existential analysis: an interdisciplinary.Journal of education, research and practice, 1.39-65.
Dyck, Murray. J. (1994). What does the proposed purposefulness super factor really describe? Personality and Individual Differences, 16(3), 411-415.
Fife, Betsy L. (1994). The conceptualization of meaning in illness. Social Science & Medicine, 38(2), 309-316.
Fife, Betsy L. (1995). The measurement of meaning in illness. Social Science & Medicine, 40(8), 1021-1028.
Frankl, Viktor (1988). The will to meaning: foundations and applications of logo therapy. New York: Teachers college press.
Frankl, Viktor (2004). On the theory and therapy of mental disorders: an introduction to logo therapy and existential analysis. USA: Taylor & Francis books.
Guttman, D. (2008). Finding meaning in life, at midlife and beyond: wisdom and spirit from logo therapy (social and psychological issues: challenges and solutions).USA: Greenwood publishing group.
Guttman,D. & Zincs, C. (2000). Subject classification in logo therapy: a model for information- system and knowledge- outline development. . Logo therapy and existential analysis: an interdisciplinary journal of education, research and practice, 1.2, 91-116.
Ho, Man Yee. Cheung, Fanny M., Cheung, Shu Fai (2010).The role of meaning in life and optimism in promoting well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(5), 658-663.
Jacobsen, B. (2008).Intarvention to existential psychology: A psychology for the unique human being and its application intherapy. England:Wiely.
Lukas, E., Zwang Hirsh,B. (2002). Comprehensive handbook of psychotherapy .New‏‏York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Martin, Rosemarie A. MacKinnon, Selene. Johnson, Jennifer. Rohsenow, Damaris J. (2011). Purpose in life predicts treatment outcome among adult cocaine abusers in treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 40(2), 183-188.
Mascaro, Nathan. Rosen, David H. Morey, Leslie C. (2004). The development, construct validity, and clinical utility of the spiritual meaning scale. Personality and Individual Differences .37(4).845-860.
Pattakos, Alex (2007). Prisoners of our thoughts: Viktor Frankls principals for discovering meaning in life and work. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler publishers.
Richardson Jim.H. S. , Golden-Kreutz S. A., Anderson, D. M., B. L. (2006). Sterategies used in coping with a cancer diagnosis predict meaning in life for survivors. England: Wiely.
Schulenberg, Stefan E., Hutzell, Robert R., Nassif, Carrie & Rogina, Juliuse M(2008). Logotherapy for clinical practice psychotherapy. Theory/ Research/ Practice/ Training, 45(4), 447-463.
Siyam, Sh. (2007). Drug abuse prevalence between male students of different universities in Rasht in 2005. Zahedan journal of research in medical sciences. 8(4). 279-285.
Steger, M. F. & Omishi. L. (2004). Is a life without meaning satisfying? Journal of gerontology , series B, 54, 125-135.
Synder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological inquiry. 13.249-275.
Synder, C.R. Feldman, David B. Taylor, Julia D. Schroeder, Lisa L. Adams, Virgil H. (2000). The roles of hopeful thinking in preventing problems and enhancing strengths. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 9(4), 249-269.