Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Family Studies, Shahid Madani University of Azarbaijan

2 Professor, Department of Psychology, Tabriz University

Abstract

Anger and its experience in the environment of school is one of the common emotions of adolescence that has been always attended by psychologists based on Tangney theory, shame appearances before anger. So, the goal of this research was the examination of the effectiveness of shame management training in reducing female adolescents’ anger in the environment of school; so non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group design was used for achieving this goal. Hence, students of two female public middle schools in Tabriz were chosen by multistage-cluster random sampling method and screened. Finally, 30 students from every school were selected by purposeful random sampling and results of Multidimensional School Anger Inventory. Every school consisted of two groups. The schools were randomly designed for experimental and control groups, and correspondingly received educational package and placebo. Results of One-way analysis of covariance, after examination of its presumptions, indicated that intervention was effective (F=11.04, P

Keywords

برغندان، سپیده؛ ترخان، مرتضی و قائمی خمامی، نیما. (1391). نعیین اثربخشی مدیریت خشم  بر سازگاری اجتماعی دانشآموزان دختر مقطع دبیرستان شهر رشت. فصلنامه مطالعات روان‏شناسی بالینی، 2 (8): 25-39.
پورشهریاری، مهسیما. (1388). بررسی رابطه شرم با ابعاد خشم و مقایسه آن در دانشجویان دانشگاه‏های تهران. فصلنامه مطالعات روان‏شناختی، دانشگاه الزهراء، 5 (3): 27-46.
رجبی، غلامرضا و عباسی، قدرت اله. (1390). بررسی رابطه‏ی خود انتقادی، اضطراب اجتماعی و ترس از شکست با شرم دورنیشده در دانشجویان. فصلنامه پژوهش‏های روان‏شناسی بالینی و مشاوره، 1(2)، 171-182.
علائی، پروانه. (1392). بررسی اثربخشی آموزش مدیریت شرم در چارچوب برنامه‏ی PEGS در تعامل با شیوه‏های فرزندپروری و کیفیت ارتباط معلم – دانش آموز بر قلدری در مدرسه. رساله دکتری روان‏شناسی تربیتی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‏شناسی، دانشگاه تبریز.
عطریفرد، مهدیه؛ آزاد فلاح، پرویز؛ و اژه‏ای، جواد. (1385). فعالیت دستگاه‏های مغزی / رفتاری و مستعد بودن به شرم و گناه. مجله روان‏شناسی، 37، 10(1): 3-21.
کرملو، سمیرا؛ متقی پور، یاسمن؛ برجعلی، احمد؛ صادقی، منصورهالسادات و خانیپور، حمید. (1395). عوامل موثر بر تجربه خشم در خانوادههای بیماران با اختلال روانپزشکی: نقش انگ، حساسیت به طرد و ارزیابی شناختی. فصلنامه مطالعات روان‏شناسی بالینی، 6 (23): 139-165.
Ahmed, E., & Braithwaite, V. (2004). ''What, Me Ashamed?'' Shame Management and School Bullying. Research in Crime and Delinquency, 41, 269-294.
Ahmed, E., & Braithwaite, V. (2005). Forgiveness, Shaming, Shame and Bullying. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 38 (3), 298–323.
Andrews, B., Brewin, C. R., Rose, S., & Kirk, M. (2000). Predicting PTSD Symptoms in Victims of Violent Crime: The Role of Shame, Anger, and Childhood Abuse. Abnormal Psychology, 109, 69-73.
Bakker, J. T., Denessen, E., Bosman, A. M., Krijger, E., & Bouts, L. (2007). Sociometric Status and Self-image of Children with Specific and General Learning Disabilities in Dutch General and Special Education Classes. Learning Disability Quarterly, 30(1), 47–62.
Bennett, D. S., Sullivan, M. W., & Lewis, M. (2005). Young Children’s Adjustment as a Function of Maltreatment, Shame, and Anger. Child Maltreatment, 10(4), 311–323.
Boman, P., Curtis, D., Furlong, M. J., & Smith. D. C. (2006). Cross-validation and Rasch analyses of the Australian version of the Multidimensional School Anger Inventory -Revised. Psycho educational Assessment, 24 (3), 225-242.
Bryceland, C., & Strayer, J. (1999). Shame and guilt: A functionalist reconceptualization Applied to Adaptive-maladaptive Continua. Poster presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Covert, M. V. (2004). Moderators of the Effects of Experimentally Induced Shame on Indirect Aggression. Dissertation Abstracts International, 65, 1062.
Deblinger, E., & Runyon, M. K. (2005). Understanding and Treating Feelings of Shame in Children who Have Experienced Maltreatment. Child Maltreatment, 10(4), 364-376.
Ferguson, T. J., Eyre, H. L., & Ashbaker, M. (2000). Unwanted identities: A key Variable in Shame-anger Links and Gender Differences in Shame. Sex Roles, 42, 133-157.
Ferguson, T. J., Stegge, H., Eyre, H. L., Vollmer, R., & Ashbaker, M. (2000). Context Effects and the (mal) Adaptive Nature of Guilt and Shame in Children. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 126, 319-345.
Ferguson, T., Stegge, H., Miller, E., & Olsen, M. (1999). Guilt, Shame, and Symptoms in Children. Developmental Psychology, 35(2), 347–357.
Harper, F.W.K., & Arias, I. (2004). The Role of Shame in Predicting Adult Anger and Depressive Symptoms among Victims of Child Psychological Maltreatment. Family Violence, 19, 367- 375.
Harth, N. S., Hornsey, M. J., & Barlow, F. K. (2011). Emotional Responses to Rejection of Gestures of Intergroup Reconciliation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(6), 815– 829.
Hosser, D., Windzio, M., & Greve, W. (2008). Guilt and Shame as Predictors of Recidivism: A longitudinal Study with Young Prisoners. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35, 138–152.
Mills, R.S.L. (2003). Possible Antecedents and Developmental Implications of Shame in Young Girls. Infant and Child Development, 12, 329-349.
Angela Mazzone, A.,  Camodeca, M. &  Salmivalli, Ch. (2016). Interactive Effects of Guilt and Moral Disengagement on Bullying, Defending and Outsider Behavior, Journal of Moral Education, 45(4):419-432.
Nichols, N. (2016). A Sense of Shame Among the Virtues. Journal of Moral Education, 45(2), 166-178.
Orth, U., Berking, M., & Burkhardt, S. (2006). Self-conscious Emotions and Depression: Rumination Explains why Shame but not Guilt is Maladaptive. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(12), 1608–1619.
Patchin, J.W., & Hinduja, S. (2011). Traditional and Nontraditional Bullying among Youth: A Test of General Strain Theory. Youth & Society, 43(2), 727– 751.
Quiles, Z., & Bybee, J. (1997). Chronic and Predispositional Guilt: Relations to Mental Health, Prosocial Behavior and Religiosity. Personality Assessment, 69(1), 104–126.
Reijntjes, A., Thomaes, S., Kamphuis, J.H., Bushman, B.J., Castro, B., & Telch, M.J. (2011). Explaining the Paradoxical Rejection - Aggression Link: The Mediating Effects of Hostile Intent Attributions, Anger, and Decreases in State Self-esteem on Peer Rejection– Induced Aggression in Youth. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(7), 955-963.
Stuewig, J., & McCloskey, L. A. (2005). The Relation of Child Maltreatment to Shame and Guilt among Adolescents, Psychological Routes to Depression and Delinquency. Child Maltreatment, 10 (4), 324-336.
Stuewig, J., Tangney, J. P., Heigel, C., Harty, L., & McCloskey, L. (2010). Shaming, Blaming, and Maiming: Functional Links Among the Moral Emotions, Externalization of Blame, and Aggression. Research in Personality, 44, 91–102.
Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2002). Shame and guilt. New York: Guilford.
Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., Mashek, D. & Hastings, M. (2011). Assessing Jail Inmates' Proneness to Shame and Guilt: Feeling Bad about the Behavior or the Self?, Criminal Stice and Behavior, 38(7), 710-734.
Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P. E., Hill-Barlow, D., Marschall, D. E., & Gramzow, R. (1996). Relation of Shame and Guilt to Constructive Versus Destructive Responses to Anger Across the Lifespan. Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 797–809.
Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P., & Gramzow, R. (1992a). Proneness to Shame, Proneness to Guilt, and Psychopathology. Abnormal Psychology, 101(3), 469-478.
Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P., Fletcher, C., & Gramzow, R. (1992). Shamed into Anger? The Relation of Shame and Guilt to Anger and Self-reported Aggression. Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 669-675.
Tangney, J.P, Wagner, P., & Gramzow, R. (1992b). Shamed into Anger? The Relation of Shame and Guilt to Anger and Self- reported Aggression. Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 669- 673.
Tangney, J.P. (1991). Moral Affect: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 598-607.
Tangney, J.P., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D.J. (2007). Moral Emotions and Moral Behavior. Annual Review Psychology, 58, 345–372.
Thompson, T., Altmann, R., & Davidson, J. (2004). Shame-Proneness and Achievement Behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 613–627.
Tracy, J.L., & Robins, R.W. (2006). Appraisal Antecedents of Shame and Guilt: Support for a Theoretical Model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(10), 1339–1351.
Zhang, B., Zhao, J., & Yu, G. (2010). Brief report: How Do They Manage Social Interaction? The Influence of Concealing Academic Achievement Information on Self-Monitoring by Adolescents with Low Achievement. Adolescence, 33, 233–236.