Authors
Associate professor, Shahid Beheshti University. Tehran. Iran.
Abstract
Given the crucial role of trust in children’s compatibility and high-risk behaviors, this study aimed at investigating the development of trust in a sample of Iranian children. Using cluster sampling in four districts of Tehran, 240 elementary school students between first and sixth grade were included in this cross-sectional study. To study developmental trend of trust, tests of ultimatum and trust as well as assessment of children’s risk taking in social situations were conducted. In order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics including tests of ANOVA and MANOVA were used. The results showed that not only trust rate but also risk taking increase by age. These findings indicate a positive relationship between trust and risk taking in children. According to the results of this study, it is quite necessary to pay more attention to children as a vulnerable population against imminent harm and risky behavior.
Keywords
اعظمی، سعید.، طالع پسند، سیاوش.،نطیفی، مرتضی.، رحیمیان، اسحاق. (۱۳۹۵). آموزش بازداری پاسخ، توانایی برنامه‌ریزی و سرعت پردازش به کودکان مبتلا‌به اختلال نارسایی توجه/ بیش‌فعالی: مقایسه رویکرد توانبخشی‌شناختی-حرکتی با دارو‌درمانی. مجله مطالعات روانشناسی بالینی، ۷ (۲۵): ۳۱-۵۵.
تشکری، زینب.، کاظمی، فرنگیس.، هاشمی، ژانت. (۱۳۹۴). تاثیر روش درمان تن‌آرامی گروهی بر کاهش اختلال اضطراب جدایی دانش‌آموزان.مجله مطالعات روانشناسی بالینی، ۶ (۲۴): ۱۳۵-۱۵۲.
صفریزدی، زهرا.، و نجاتی، وحید. (1391). مقایسه تکانش‌گری و تصمیم‌گیری مخاطره‌آمیز افراد چاق با افراد دارای وزن عادی. مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی قزوین، ۱۶ (۶۲)، ۵۹-۶۵.
نجاتی، وحید. (۱۳۹۳). خاستگاه خطرپذیری اقتصادی در جوانان ایرانی: احتیاج یا طمع؟ فصلنامه علمی - پژوهشی شاپا، ۱۹ (۲)، ۱۱۹-۱۳۲.
نجاتی، وحید. (۱۳۹۰). خطرپذیری و کارآفرینی: شواهد عصب شناختی تصمیم‌گیری پرخطر در مسئولان و احدهای مرکز رشد. فرایند مدیریت وتوسعه، ۷۸ (۱۱)، ۷۶-۸۷.
نجاتی، وحید. (۱۳۹۲). تصمیم‌گیری پرخطر در موقعیت‌های اجتماعی: طراحی آزمون ضمنی و معرفی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی آن. فصلنامه روانشناسی کاربردی، ۱ (۷)، ۱۰۱-۱۱۴.
نجاتی، وحید.، شیری، اسماعیل. (۱۳۹۲). شواهد عصب شناختی نقصان کنترل مهاری و تصمیم‌گیری مخاطره‌آمیز در افراد سیگاری. مجله تحقیقات علوم رفتاری، ۵ (۲۹)، ۱-۹
نجاتی، وحید.، علی پور، فرشید. (۱۳۹۶). آزمون سنجش خطرپذیری کودکان در موقعیت‌های اجتماعی: طراحی و بررسی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی. فصلنامه روانشناسی کاربردی، زیر چاپ.
Baran, N., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2010). Can We Infer Social Preferences From the Lab? Evidence from the Trust Game. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). DOI: 10.3386/w15654
Baumgartner, T., Heinrichs, M., Vonlanthen, A., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2008). Oxytocin shapes the neural circuitry of trust and trust adaptation in humans. Neuron, 58(4), 639-650. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.009
Bechler, C., Green, L., & Myerson, J. (2015). Proportion offered in the Dictator and Ultimatum Games decreases with amount and social distance. Behav Processes, 115, 149-155. doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2015.04.003
Bohnet, I., Steffen H., Heike H and Jean-Robert T. (2005). "Learning Trust." Journal of the European Economic Association 3(2):322-329.
Coleman, S. (1990). Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA; London, England: Harvard University Press
Dahl, R. (2011). Understanding the risky business of adolescence. Neuron, 69(5), 837-839. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.036
De Water, E., Cillessen, A. H., &Scheres, A. (2014). Distinct age-related differences in temporal discounting and risk taking in adolescents and young adults. Child Development, 85, 1881–1897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12245.
Eppinger, B., Nystrom, L. E., & Cohen, J. D. (2012). Reduced sensitivity to immediate reward during decision-making in older than younger adults. PloS One, 7, e36953http://dx.doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036953.
Gabay, A. S., Radua, J., Kempton, M. J., & Mehta, M. A. (2014). The Ultimatum Game and the brain: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. NeurosciBiobehav Rev, 47, 549-558. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.014
Galvan, A., Hare, T. A., Parra, C. E., Penn, J., Voss, H., Glover, G., et al. (2006). Earlier development of the accumbens relative to orbitofrontal cortex might underlie risk-taking behavior in adolescents. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 6885–6892.
Gullo, M. J., &Dawe, S. (2008). Impulsivity and adolescent substance use: rashly dismissed as "all-bad"? NeurosciBiobehav Rev, 32(8), 1507-1518. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.06.003
Gunn, R. L., & Smith, G. T. (2010). Risk factors for elementary school drinking: pubertal status, personality, and alcohol expectancies concurrently predict fifth grade alcohol consumption. Psychol Addict Behav, 24(4), 617-627. doi: 10.1037/a0020334
Hare, T. A., Voss, H. U., Glover, G. H., & Casey, B. J. (2007). The adolescent brain and potential risk for anxiety and depression. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1124, 111–126. http://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1440.010.
Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (1998). The Experience and Evolution of Trust: Implications for Cooperation and Teamwork. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 531-546. doi:10.5465/amr.1998.926625
Kalin, M., Kaplan, S., Gould, F., Pinkham, A. E., Penn, D. L., & Harvey, P. D. (2015). Social cognition, social competence, negative symptoms and social outcomes: Inter-relationships in people with schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 68, 254-260.
Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P. J., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2005). Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature, 435(7042), 673-676.
Kramer, R. M., and Roy J. Lewicki. (2010). "Repairing and Enhancing Trust: Approaches to Reducing Organizational Trust Deficits." Academy of Management Annals 4(1):245-277.
Lewicki, J. (2006). "Trust and Distrust." Pp. 191-203 in The Negotiator´s Fieldbook, edited by Andrea Kupfer Schneider, and Christopher Honeyman. Washington: American Bar Association.
Mascaro, O., &Sperber, D. (2009). The moral, epistemic, and mindreading components of children’s vigilance towards deception. Cognition, 112, 367–380.
Messick, David M., and Roderick M. (2001). "Trust as a Shallow Form of Morality." Pp. 89-117 in Trust in Society, edited by Karen S. Cook. New York: Russel Sage Foundation.
Mills, C. M. (2013). Knowing when to doubt: Developing a critical stance when learning from others. Developmental Psychology, 49, 404–418.
Mulye, T. P., Park, M. J., Nelson, C. D., Adams, S. H., Irwin, C. E., Jr., &Brindis, C. D. (2009). Trends in adolescent and young adult health in the United States. J Adolesc Health, 45(1), 8-24. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.013
Pedersen, S. L., Molina, B. S., Belendiuk, K. A., & Donovan, J. E. (2012). Racial differences in the development of impulsivity and sensation seeking from childhood into adolescence and their relation to alcohol use. Alcohol ClinExp Res, 36(10), 1794-1802. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01797.x
Rilling, James K., and Alan G. Sanfey. (2011). "The Neuroscience of Social Decision Making." Annual Review of Psychology 62:23-48.
Schank, J. C., Smaldino, P. E., & Miller, M. L. (2015). Evolution of fairness in the dictator game by multilevel selection. J TheorBiol, 382, 64-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.06.031
Seyfarth, R. M., & Cheney, D. L. (2015). Social cognition. Animal Behaviour, 103, 191-202.
Steinberg, L. (2008). A Social Neuroscience Perspective on Adolescent Risk-Taking. Developmental Review : DR, 28(1), 78–106. http:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/ j.dr. 2007. 08. 002
Sterea, R. (2015). The Relationship between Social Cognition and Functional Outcomes in Schizophrenia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 187, 256-260.
Weatherly, J. N. (2014). On several factors that control rates of discounting. Behavioural Processes, 104, 84–90. http:// dx. doi. org/ 10. 1 016/ j.beproc. 2014.01.020.
)