Author

Abstract

Shyness is significant trait that influences wildly internal and external disorders in adolescents. This study investigated the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in the treatment of shyness and assertiveness failure puberty girls. The research method was quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test with two experimental and control groups. The population of the study is all female high school students (school year 95-94) (7th and 8th grades) that studied in Regions 7 and 3 in Tehran. 4 schools were selected using simple random sampling. After a test run shyness and assertiveness in the 4 schools, 30 people who agreed to receive 10 sessions of treatment were selected in available and randomly assigned to two experimental and control group. For experimental groups 10 one-hour sessions of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy was performed. Then both groups were post analysis of covariance was used to analyze the test data. The findings showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy have had significant effect to reduce shyness and increase assertiveness (P <0/001). According to the findings of this study, cognitive therapy based on mindfulness as an effective treatment to reduce Shyness and increase the skills of assertiveness.

Keywords

احمدی بجق سودابه.، بخشی پور باب الله و فرامرزی محبوبه.(1394). اثربخشی گروه‌درمانی شناختی مبتنی بر حضور ذهن بر وسواس فکری ـ عملی، باورهای فراشناخت و نشخوار فکری. فصلنامه مطالعات روانشناسی بالینی، 5( 20):109-79.
پیرساقی فهیمه.، محمد نظری علی.، حاجی حسنی مهرداد و نادعلی پور حسن.(1393). اثربخشی درمان خود متمایز سازی بر میزان ابراز وجود دانشجویان دختر دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی تهران. فصلنامه مطالعات روانشناسی بالینی،4(16)،34-19.
تقوی فاطمه.، ایراندوست راضیه.، فرامرزی سالار و نیکوبخت سعید.(1393). بررسی رابطه شیوه ی فرزند پروری با کمرویی دانش آموزان مقطع متوسطه شهرستان اقلید. ششمین کنگره ی روانپزشکی کودک و نوجوان.
شجاع کاظمی مهرانگیر و مومنی مهرآور.(1390). بررسی مقایسه‌ای و رابطه رفتار جرأتمندانه، عزت نفس و جهتگیری مذهبی دانشجویان ورزشکار و غیر ورزشکار. فصلنامه پژوهش در تربیت و تعلیم اسلامی. 12، 190-169.
صداقت م.، محمدی ر.، علیزاده ک و حسین ا.(1390). تاثیر ذهن آگاهی مبتنی بر کاهش استرس بر میزان استرس، بهزیستی روان شناختی وهیجانی در نمونه ی ایرانی. مجله علوم اجتماعی و رفتاری، 30 : 934-929.
کاویانی حسین.، جواهری فروزان و بحیرایی هادی. (1384). اثربخشی شناخت درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی (MBCT) در کاهش افکار خودآیند منفی، نگرش ناکارآمد، افسردگی و اضطراب: پیگیری 60 روزه. تازه های علوم شناختی، 7 (1) : 59-49.
موسویان نرگس.، مرادی علی رضا.، میرزایی جعفر.، شید فر فرزاد.، محمودی  کهریز بهرام و طاهری فاطمه.(1389). اثربخشی شناخت درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی بر کاهش چاقی. اندیشه و رفتار (روان شناسی کاربردی)، 4(16)، 58-49.
Arslan, C. (2001). Anger, self-esteem, and perceived social support in adolescence. Social Behavior and Personality, 37: 555-564.
Bamber, M., Kraenzle Schneider, J., Semple, R. J., Reid, E. F. G., Miller, L. (2005). Treating anxiety with mindfulness: an open trial of mindfulness training in anxious children. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 19:  379-392.
Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well -being. J Pers Soc Psycho, 84: 822-848.
Cox, B., MacPherson, P., Enns, M. W. (2005). Psychiatric correlates of childhood shyness in a nationally representative sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy; 43: 1019–1027.
Eapen, V., Ghubash, R., Salem, M. O., Sabri, S. (2008). Familial Predictors of Childhood Shyness: A Study of the United Arab Emirates. Community Genetics, 8(1): 64-61.
Evans,  S.,  Ferrando,  S.,  Findler,  M.,  Stowell,  Ch.,  Smart,  C.,  Haglin,  D. (2008).  Mindfulness -based cognitive  therapy  for  generalized  anxiety  disorder. Journal  of Anxiety Disorders, 22:  716 –721.
Fennell, J. (2004).  Depression,  Low  self-esteem  and  mindfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42: 1053-1067.
Guastella, A. (2011).  A Cure for SHYNESS. Australasian Science,  30: 35-33..4
Heiser, N. A. (2011). Turner SM, Beidel DC, Roxann RN. Differentiating social phobia from shyness. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23: 469- 476.
Ilhan, N., Sukut, O., Akhan, L., Batmaz, M. (2016). The effect of nurse education on the self-esteem and assertiveness of nursing students: A four-year longitudinal study. Nurse Education Today, 39: 72-78.
Kavas, A. B. (2009). Self-esteem and health-risk behaviors among Turkish late adolescents. The journal Adolescence, 44: 187-198.
Lin, Y. R., Shiah, I. S., Chang, Y. C., Lai, T. J., Wang, K. Y. (2006). Evaluation of an assertiveness training program on nursing. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 37: 311–318.
Lovas, F., David, A., Barsky, T., Arthur, J. (2010). Mindfulness -based cognitive therapy for hypochondriasis, or severe health anxiety: A pilot study, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 8:  931–935.
Maxwell, L., Duff, E. (2016). An Effective Prescription for Depression and Anxiety. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 6(12): 406-409.
Miller, J. L., Schmidt, L. A., Vaillancourt, T. (2008). Shyness, sociability, and eating problems in a non-clinical sample of female undergraduates. Eating Behaviors,  9: 352–359.
Ost, L. G. (2008). Efficacy of the third wave of behavioral therapies: A systematic review and meta -analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46:  296–321.
Paterniti, A. (2007). Comparing the efficacy of a mindfulness-based program to a skills-training program in the treatment of test nxiety. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Island, England: University of Islan.
 Raphiphatthana, B. E., Jose, P., Kielpikowski, M. (2016). How do the facets of mindfulness predict the constructs of depression and anxiety as seen through the lens of the tripartite theory? Personality and Individual Differences, 93: 104–111.
Roemer, L., Orsillo, S. M. (2002). Expanding our conceptualization of and treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: integrating mindfulness/acceptance -based approaches with existing cognitive-behavioral   models. Clinical   Psychology: Science and Practice , 9 (1): 54–68.
Roemer, L., Orsillo, S. M. (2007). An open trial of an acceptancebased behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy, 38:  72–85.
Ryan, R. M.,  Deci,  E. L. (2000).  Self -determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well –being . Am Psychol. Jan, 1:  68-78.
Rygh, J. L., Sanderson, W. C. (2004). Treating generalized anxiety disorder: Evidenced-based strategies, tools, and techniques. New York: Guilford Press.
Segal, Z. V., Williams, M. G., Teasdale, J. D. (2003).  Mindfulness based on cognitive therapy for depression.
Strachan, L., Munroe-Chandler, K. (2009). Using imagery to predict self-confidence and anxiety in young elite athletes. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 61: 134-142.
Sugiura, Y. (2004). Detached mindfulnees and worry: a meta-cognitive analysis.Personality and Individual Differences, 37 (1): 169–179.
Tanay, G., Lotan, G., Bernstein, A. (2012). Salutary Proximal Processes and Distal Mood and Anxiety Vulnerability Outcomes of Mindfulness Training: A Pilot Preventive Intervention.Behavior Therapy, 3: 492–505.
van Gundy,  K. (2004). Gender, the Assertion of Autonomy, and the Stress Process in young Adulthood. Social Psychology Quarterly, 65:  346-363.
Vollestad, J., Sivertsen, B., Nielsen., G. H. (2011). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for patients with anxiety disorders: Evaluation in a randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 281–288.
Wadman, R., Durkin, K., Conti-Ramsden, G. (2010). Self-Esteem, Shyness, and Sociability in Adolescents with Specific Language Impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51( 4 ): 938-9.
Wells, A. (1995).  Meta - cognition and worry: a cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23:  301-320.
Wells, A. (2000). emotional disorder and meta -cognition. Chichester,UK: John Wiley.
Wells, A. (1999). A meta - cognition model and therapy for generalizedanxiety disorder.Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 6:  86-95.