Clinical Psychology Studies

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of training package based on the religious-psychological education on communicative skill and control aggression. Sampling method is a voluntary sampling .The research method was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest control group. The study population consisted of all married women in regions 11 and 12 in Tehran is at least one year and a maximum fifteen years of married life passed. The sample of study consisted of thirty-six married women in regions 11 and 12 in Tehran who were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The pre-test was administered to both groups .Then, experimental group trained seven sessions under the package was designed based on religious–psychology. Interpersonal communication skills (Monagemzadeh, 1391), and aggression AGQ (Arnold H. Buss and Perry, 1992) were conducted in control and experimental groups before and after the intervention. In order to compare pre-test and post-test, analysis of covariance was used.The final results show that the training package was designed based on religious –psychology, has  a positive effect on communicative skills and control aggression.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of “listening to children respectfully” package on enhancing 5 and 6-year-old children’s well- being. 42 mother and child pairs were selected. They were initially tested with CBCL and SCL90 questionnaires to make sure none of them are suffering from behavioral or psychological disorders. They were accidentally divided to experiment and control groups. Children of both groups filled the children’s psychological well-being scale in 3 stages: pre-test, post-test and follow up, and the package was taught to mothers of experiment group in 6 sessions. Analytical method was MANOVA  for analyzing data. Findings revealed that well- being scores of children in experimental group significantly increased after intervention for their mothers. The scores were still high after two-month follow up. Findings of this research were discussed considering previous research. Limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are also given.

Abstract Religious- ethical resources and recent psychological research have emphasized the role of patience in promoting mental health. A model investigating the mediating role of patience components in the relation between the Big Five factors of personality and emotion regulation strategies has been presented in this study. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the role of the Big Five factors of personality in predicting cognitive emotion regulation strategies with the mediating role of patience components. The statistical population of the present study was all of university students studying at Shiraz Payam-e-Noor University in the academic year 2014- 2015. Two hundred and ninety six university students were recruited among them via cluster sampling method. The participants answered the Short form of Goldberg’s 50- Item Personality Scale, Patience Scale and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. To analyze the data, mean, standard deviation and Pearson correlation coefficient in the descriptive statistics section were utilized. And in the inferential statistics section, path analysis in Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used. Moreover, SPSS16 and AMOS were run to analyze the data. The results indicated that the Big Five factors of personality except openness to experience could directly predict patience components and positive and negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Moreover, Agreeableness (β= 0.09; P< 0.0001), Conscientiousness (β= 0.04; P< 0.0001) and Neuroticism (β= -0.04; P< 0.001) indirectly predicted the positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and the patience components of Transcendence and Persistence played mediating roles. Negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies were indirectly predicted by Conscientiousness (β= -0.07; P< 0.0001) and Neuroticism (β= 0.09; P< 0.0001) and Acceptance showed a mediating role. It can be concluded that patience components as mediating variables can moderate the effects of negative personality characteristics (e.g., Neuroticism) on emotion regulation strategies and reinforce the effects of positive personality characteristics (e.g., Agreeableness and Conscientiousness) on these strategies. Applying educational strategies of patience in order to increase emotion regulation strategies among patients is recommended to psychologists.

Abstract The aim of the present research is to study the lived experience of in stuck–hearted phenomenon. The method was qualitative and phenomenological. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews. Purposeful sampling and interviews re used and continued until data saturation. The number of participants was 20. Thematic analysis was used for data analysis. By examining people's experience, the following common elements emerged as themes reflecting the stuck-hearted experience: The most important experience is the feeling of reluctance. Other feelings were discomfort, pressure, and to feel being is stuck. To overcome these feelings, these thoughts flow, falls way: focus on the opposite side of the relationship, doubtful thoughts, thoughts that focus on values, furious thought, and self-focused thoughts. All of these thoughts cause a person to engage in conduct that feature, alert, stereotypical, hard and excruciating, dishonest, insincere and passive behavior. Immediately after that, the feelings of regret, helplessness and weakness, anger and other emotions such as hatred and being under dominance in the relationship and consequently, blame inquisitive, ambitious and furiously thoughts is experienced. In fact, according to the characteristics of intimate relationships that is self-disclosure and trust, in stuck-hearted relationships is the opposite of intimate relationships.

Abstract The aim of this study is to survey the role ofexecutive functions as  cognitive/neuroscience and negative automatic thoughts and as  cognitive/psychology factors in adolescent’s difficulties in emotion regulation. The statistic society in this study consisted of all adolescent boys who lived in Bushehr in 2016- 2017. From them 128 secondary school students selected via random cluster sampling from Bushehr schools. Data were collected using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Negative Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, Stroop Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and the Continuous Performance Test. Inter and stepwise multivariate analyses of covariance were used for data analysis. The results showed that from executive functions elements, inhibition can predict lack of emotional awareness. From negative automatic thoughts elements, personal incompatibility can predict all elements of difficulties in emotion regulation include non-acceptance of emotional responses, difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior, impulse control difficulties, lack of emotional awareness, limited access to emotion regulation strategies, lack of emotional clarity. Furthermore, negative self-concept is the predictor of lack of emotional awareness. The result bold the role of negative automatic thoughts in difficulties in emotion regulation among adolescents, so findings of this research have clinical application and can affect training programs about regulation and control emotions.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention program based on neuro- dramatic play on mother-fetus attachment in pregnant women. For this purpose, the program was implemented from the 4^th month of pregnancy and for biweekly an hour on volunteer women who were 20 to 35 years old, nulliparous, had general health according to Goldberg scale and their education was at least diploma. In order to check the status of attachment, the mothers filled the maternal antenatal attachment scale monthly. The method was semi-experimental and the pretest- posttest control group design, so the control group was selected with considering inclusion and exclusion criteria from women referred to Nikan hospital. Results based on descriptive statistics show the effectiveness of the research program but based on inferential statistics and using t test, significant difference between two groups was observed just in intensity of the 7^th month. According to the results, it seems that the program was effective in promoting prenatal attachment, so we can use it to support at risk groups of attachment problems

Abstract The purpose of the present research was a review of the effect of instructing negative emotion management skills on parents’ anxiety thoughts with autistic children. Method of research was quasi-experimental, and its type is a pretest-posttest design without control group. Population of the study consisted of all parents of children with pervasive developmental disorders in the “Zehne Ziba” Medical Center in Hamedan, that their number was 80. Initially, they asked parents by invitation, if they would be interested in attending to training courses in workshops of training negative emotion management, and they declared their readiness. Then, volunteer parents were assessed by the tests of anxiety thoughts, and were present parents with anxiety thoughts in this study which their number was 40. In this study anxiety thoughts questionnaire of Wells were used. The results showed that negative emotion management skills training were effective to reduce the parents’ anxiety thoughts with autistic children, and finally they were confirmed.

Abstract Failure in emotional regulation process was reported as a major problem in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). In the emotional schema therapy (EST), the roles of emotions and emotion processing strategies are substantial. This study aimed at determining the effectiveness of EST in emotional schema (ES) of women with OCD. It was a quasi-experimental study. The statistical population included all women visiting consulting centers in Nishabur in 2014-2015. The research sample consisted of 20 patients with OCD (10 persons as the intervention group and 10 persons in the waiting list), selected using convenience sampling technique. The intervention group received a two-hour per week for 12 sessions. The research instrument included Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and Leahy Emotional Schema Scale. Data were analyzed with ANCOVA. Results from data analysis suggested a significance difference between the intervention and control groups in terms of Validity, Comprehensibility, Guilt, Higher Values, Control, Numbness , Duration, Consensus, Expression and Blame; whereas, the two groups were not significantly different in terms of Simplistic View of Emotion, Rational, Acceptance of Feelings and Rumination. In general, results of this study show that EST has positive effect on the reduction of OCD and can be used as an effective method in correcting several emotional schemas in women with OCD.

Abstract Negative  automatic  thoughts,  negative  attitudes  and  intrusive memories  are  cognitive  features  associated  with  depression.  Negative interpretations from intrusive memories and avoidance reactions to them are associated with depression. Some of studies  assume  intrusive  Memories  features  (distress  associated  with  it  and  detachment  and numb feeling with it) as determinant of depression while based on the results of other studies responses  to  these  intrusive  can  predict  depression  very  well. The goal  of  this  study  is  toinvestigate  the  relationship  between  negative  automatic  thoughts, negative attitudes, intrusive memories  features  and responses to them with depression and  the ability of these variables  at  depression  prediction. Therefore, 112  women  between  25  and  35  years  old at Marefat Culture Home  completed the BDI-II, NAT Questionnaire, Cognitive Triad Inventory, and RIQ (Response to  Intrusions Questionnaire), and multivariable linear regression has been used  to  investigate  relationship  between  variables. Negative  automatic thoughts,  negative  attitudes  and  intrusive  memories  features  (distress  associated  with intrusive  memories  and  detachment  and  numb  feeling  with  retrieval  them)  can  predict depression,  while  negative  interpretations  from  intrusive  memories  and  suppression  and rumination  responses  cannot  predict  depression.  It can be concluded that if  past  unpleasant  events  do not  integrate  with  person's  story  life,  intrusive  memories  and  distress  and  numb  and detachment feeling with them can result depression.