نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 بخش روانشناسی بالینی دانشگاه اصفهان. اصفهان. ایران

2 استاد تمام بخش روانشناسی بالینی دانشگاه شیراز ، شیراز ، ایران

چکیده

چکیده
هدف از پژوهش حاضر ارزیابی ویژگی های روانسنجی فرم 42 سوالی پرسشنامه فارسی ارزیابی عمومی از تجربه‌های روان‌پریشی (استفانیز و همکاران، 2002) در دانشجویان دانشگاه شیراز بود. این مطالعه همچنین به ارتباط بین تجربه‌های روان‌پریشی و سلامت عمومی پرداخت. بدین منظور 200 نفر از دانشجویان دختر و پسر دانشگاه شیراز (129 پسر و 71 دختر) با میانگین سنی به ترتیب 75/23 و 69/25 به شیوه نمونه‌گیری تصادفی خوشه‌ای چندمرحله‌ای انتخاب شدند و به پرسشنامه ارزیابی عمومی از تجربه‌های روان‌پریشی (CAPE؛ استفانیز و همکاران، 2002) و پرسشنامه سلامت عمومی (GHQ؛ گلدبرگ و هیلر، 1979) پاسخ دادند. داده‌های به دست آمده با استفاده از تحلیل واریانس چند متغیره، تحلیل عاملی تاییدی و آلفای کرونباخ با نرم افزار SPSS-22 و Amos-22تحلیل شدند و اعتبار همگرای CAPE با GHQ سنجیده شد( 0.52=r). نتایج حاکی از آن بود که مولفه‌های مقیاس CAPE از همسانی درونی قابل قبولی برخوردار بودند. مؤلفه‌های پرسشنامه GHQ نیز همبستگی مثبت و معنی داری با ابعاد و نمره کل CAPE داشت. در نهایت زنان در افسردگی و نشانه‌های مثبت نمرات بالاتری از مردان کسب کردند. به طور کلی می‌توان گفت این پرسشنامه از روایی و پایایی مطلوبی برخوردار است و به نظر می‌رسد قادر به سنجش تجربیات روان‌پریشی در جمعیت عادی و به خصوص دانشجویان باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Psychometric Properties of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences in University Students

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zahra Zamanian 1
  • Changiz Rahimi 2

1 Clinical psychology faculty. University of Isfahan. Isfahan.Iran

2 University Professor of Clinical Psychology. Clinical Psychology Dept., Faculty of Clinical Psychology and Educational Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the 42-item form of the Persian questionnaire for general assessment of psychotic experiences (Stefanis & et.al, 2002) of Shiraz University students.Also, this study examined the relationship between psychotic experiences and general health. For this purpose, 200 male and female students (129 male and 71 female) with average ages of 23.75 and 25.69, respectively, were selected by simple random sampling method and they completed the General Assessment of Psychotic Experiences Questionnaire (CAPE, Stefanis & et.al, 2002) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ, Goldberg & Hiller, 1979). Data were analyzed with SPSS-22 and AMOS-22 software using multivariate analysis of variance, confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha and the convergent validity of CAPE was measured with GHQ (r= 0.52). The results showed that the components of the CAPE scale had acceptable internal consistency. The components of GHQ questionnaire also had a statistically significant positive correlation with the dimensions and total score of CAPE. Finally, women scored higher than men in depression and positive symptoms. In general, it can be said that this questionnaire has a good validity and reliability and seems to be able to measure psychotic experiences in the general population, especially University students.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Psychic Experiences
  • Depression
  • Positive Symptoms
  • Negative Symptoms
  • Psychometrics properties
  • Mental Health
منابع
تقوی، م. (1387). هنجاریابی پرسشنامه سلامت عمومی (GHQ) بر روی دانشـجویان دانشـگاه شیراز. دانشگاه شاهد. 15(28)، 13-1.
نظیفی، م. مکرمی، ح. (1392). اعتبار، روایی و ساختار عاملی ترجمه فارسی پرسشنامه سلامت عمومی 28 سؤالی در بیمارستان‌های وابسته به دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان. مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی فسا. 12(4)، 342-336.
 
 
References
Arango, C., Díaz-Caneja, C. M., McGorry, P. D., Rapoport, J., Sommer, I. E., Vorstman, J. A., ... & Carpenter, W. (2018)." Preventive strategies for mental health". The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(7), 591-604.
Asher, L., Zammit, S., Sullivan, S., Dorrington, S., Heron, J., & Lewis, G. (2013)." The relationship between psychotic symptoms and social functioning in a non-clinical population of 12 year olds". Schizophrenia research, 150(2-3), 404-409.
Bhavsar, V., Dean, K., Hatch, S. L., MacCabe, J. H., & Hotopf, M. (2019). "Psychiatric symptoms and risk of victimisation: a population-based study from Southeast London". Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, 28(2), 168-178.
Bhavsar, V., Maccabe, J. H., Hatch, S. L., Hotopf, M., Boydell, J., & McGuire, P. (2017)." Subclinical psychotic experiences and subsequent contact with mental health services". BJPsych Open, 3(2), 64-70.
Bhavsar, V., McGuire, P., MacCabe, J., Oliver, D., & Fusar‐Poli, P. (2018). "A systematic review and meta‐analysis of mental health service use in people who report psychotic experiences. " Early intervention in psychiatry, 12(3), 275-285.
Boonstra, N., Wunderink, L., Sytema, S., & Wiersma, D. (2009)." Improving detection of first‐episode psychosis by mental health‐care services using a self‐report questionnaire". Early intervention in psychiatry, 3(4), 289-295.
Brenner, K., Schmitz, N., Pawliuk, N., Fathalli, F., Joober, R., Ciampi, A., & King, S. (2007). "Validation of the English and French versions of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) with a Montreal community sample". Schizophrenia Research95(1-3), 86-95.
Bukenaite, A., Stochl, J., Mossaheb, N., Schäfer, M. R., Klier, C. M., Becker, J., ... & Amminger, G. P. (2017). "Usefulness of the CAPE-P15 for detecting people at ultra-high risk for psychosis: Psychometric properties and cut-off values". Schizophrenia research189, 69-74.
Capra, C. N. (2015). "Measuring, understanding and reducing psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in young people "(Doctoral dissertation, Queensland University of Technology.
Capra, C., Kavanagh, D. J., Hides, L., & Scott, J. G. (2017). "Current CAPE‐15: a measure of recent psychotic‐like experiences and associated distress". Early intervention in psychiatry11(5), 411-417.
Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first Course in Factor Analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Evermann, U., Gaser, C., Meller, T., Pfarr, J. K., Grezellschak, S., & Nenadić, I. (2021)." Nonclinical psychotic‐like experiences and schizotypy dimensions: Associations with hippocampal subfield and amygdala volumes". Human Brain Mapping, 42(15): 5075-5088
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Lemos-Giráldez, S., Paino, M., Villazon-Garcia, U., Sierra-Baigrie, S., & Muñiz, J. (2009)." Attenuated psychotic experiences in adolescents". Papeles del Psicólogo30(1), 63-73.
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Paino, M., Lemos-Giraldez, S., & Muniz, J. (2012). "Validation of the Community Assessment Psychic Experiences-42 (CAPE-42) in Spanish college students and patients with psychosis". Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 40(4): 169-76
Fusar-Poli, P., Cappucciati, M., Borgwardt, S., Woods, S. W., Addington, J., Nelson, B., ... & McGuire, P. K. (2016). "Heterogeneity of Psychosis Risk Within Individuals at Clinical High Risk: A Meta-analytical Stratification. "JAMA Psychiatry. Feb; 73 (2): 113-20.
Goldberg, D. P., & Hillier, V. F. (1979). "A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire". Psychological Medicine, 9(1), 139–145.
Hair, J. F. J., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1995). Multivariate data analysis (4th ed.). Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
Hanssen, M., Peeters, F., Krabbendam, L., Radstake, S., Verdoux, H., & Van Os, J. (2003). " How psychotic are individuals with non-psychotic disorders? ". Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 38(3), 149-154.
Honings, S., Drukker, M., Groen, R., & van Os, J. (2016)." Psychotic experiences and risk of self-injurious behaviour in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Psychol Med, 46(2), 237-251.
Howie, C., Potter, C., Shannon, C., Davidson, G., & Mulholland, C. (2020). "Screening for the at‐risk mental state in educational settings: A systematic review". Early intervention in psychiatry, 14(6), 643-654.
Isaksson, J., Vadlin, S., Olofsdotter, S., Åslund, C., & Nilsson, K. W. (2020). "Psychotic-like experiences during early adolescence predict symptoms of depression, anxiety, and conduct problems three years later: a community-based study". Schizophrenia research, 215, 190-196.
Jaya, E. S. (2017). " Confirmatory factor analysis of the Indonesian version of community assessment of psychic experiences". Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia, 21(1), 1-12.
Kaymaz, N., Drukker, M., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H. U., Werbeloff, N., Weiser, M., ... & Van Os, J. (2012)." Do subthreshold psychotic experiences predict clinical outcomes in unselected non-help-seeking population-based samples? A systematic review and meta-analysis, enriched with new results". Psychological medicine, 42(11), 2239-2253.
Kelleher, I., & Cannon, M. (2011). "Psychotic-like experiences in the general population: characterizing a high-risk group for psychosis". Psychological medicine, 41(1), 1-6.
Kelleher, I., Connor, D., Clarke, M. C., Devlin, N., Harley, M., & Cannon, M. (2012). "Prevalence of psychotic symptoms in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies. "Psychological Medicine, 42(9):1857-63
Kelleher, Ian, Johanna TW Wigman, Michelle Harley, Erik O'Hanlon, Helen Coughlan, Caroline Rawdon, Jennifer Murphy, Emmet Power, Niamh M. (2015). " Psychotic experiences in the population: Association with functioning and mental distress". Schizophrenia Research, 165(1), 9-14.
 Higgins & Cannon. M (2015). "Psychotic experiences in the population: association with functioning and mental distress". Schizophrenia research 165, no. 1: 9-14.
Kırlı, U., Binbay, T., Drukker, M., Elbi, H., Kayahan, B., Gökçelli, D. K., ... & van Os, J. (2019). " DSM outcomes of psychotic experiences and associated risk factors: 6-year follow-up study in a community-based sample". Psychol Med., 49(8), 1346-1356.
Lee, K. W., Chan, K. W., Chang, W. C., Lee, E. H. M., Hui, C. L. M., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2016). " A systematic review on definitions and assessments of psychotic‐like experiences". Early intervention in psychiatry, 10(1), 3-16.
Linscott, R. J., & Van Os, J. (2013). " An updated and conservative systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence on psychotic experiences in children and adults: on the pathway from proneness to persistence to dimensional expression across mental disorders". Psychological medicine, 43(6), 1133.
Loch, A. A., Wang, Y. P., Rössler, W., Tófoli, L. F., Silveira, C. M., & Andrade, L. H. (2011). "The psychosis continuum in the general population: findings from the Sao Paulo Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study". European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 261(7), 519-527.
Mark, W., & Toulopoulou, T. (2016). "Psychometric properties of “community assessment of psychic experiences”: review and meta-analyses". Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(1), 34-44.
Mark, W., & Toulopoulou, T. (2017). " Validation of the Chinese version of Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) in an adolescent general population". Asian journal of psychiatry, 26, 58-65.
Morgan, C., Fisher, H., Hutchinson, G., Kirkbride, J., Craig, T. K., Morgan, K., ... & Fearon, P. (2009). " Ethnicity, social disadvantage and psychotic‐like experiences in a healthy population based sample". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 119(3), 226-235.
Morrison, A. P., Wells, A., & Nothard, S. (2002). "Cognitive and emotional predictors of predisposition to hallucination in non-patients". British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 259–270.
Mossaheb, N., Becker, J., Schaefer, M. R., Klier, C. M., Schloegelhofer, M., Papageorgiou, K., & Amminger, G. P. (2012)." The Community Assessment of Psychic Experience (CAPE) questionnaire as a screening-instrument in the detection of individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis". Schizophrenia research, 141(2-3), 210-214.
Nordgaard, J., Hastrup, L. H., Haahr, U. H., & Simonsen, E. (2018)." Assessing psychosis in the general population: Self-rated versus clinician-rated". Schizophrenia research, 206, 446-447.
Núñez, D., Godoy, M. I., Gaete, J., Faúndez, M. J., Campos, S., Fresno, A., & Spencer, R. (2021). " The Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences-Positive scale (CAPE-P15) accurately classifies and differentiates psychotic experience levels in adolescents from the general population". Plos one, 16(8): e0256686
Ochoa, S., Usall, J., Cobo, J., Labad, X., & Kulkarni, J. (2012). " Gender differences in schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis: a comprehensive literature review". Schizophrenia research and treatment. 2012(1):916198
Peters, E., Ward, T., Jackson, M., Woodruff, P., Morgan, C., McGuire, P., & Garety, P. A. (2017). " Clinical relevance of appraisals of persistent psychotic experiences in people with and without a need for care: an experimental study". The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(12), 927-936.
Pignon, B., Peyre, H., Ferchiou, A., van Os, J., Rutten, B. P., Murray, R. M., ... & Szöke, A. (2019). " Assessing cross-national invariance of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE)". Psychol Med, 49(15), 2600-2607.
Pigott, T. A. (1999). " Gender differences in the epidemiology and treatment of anxiety disorders". Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, 4-15.
Ragazzi, T. C., Shuhama, R., Sinval, J., Marôco, J., Corsi-Zuelli, F., Roza, D. L. D., ... & Del-Ben, C. M. (2020). " Validation of the Portuguese version of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences and characterization of psychotic experiences in a Brazilian sample". Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 42(4), 389-397.
Rimvall, M. K., van Os, J., Verhulst, F., Wolf, R. T., Larsen, J. T., Clemmensen, L., ... & Jeppesen, P. (2020). " Mental health service use and psychopharmacological treatment following psychotic experiences in preadolescence". American Journal of Psychiatry, 177(4), 318-326.
Rössler, W., Riecher-Rössler, A., Angst, J., Murray, R., Gamma, A., Eich, D., ... & Gross, V. A. (2007). " Psychotic experiences in the general population: a twenty-year prospective community study". Schizophrenia research, 92(1-3), 1-14.
Schiffman, J., Stephan, S. H., Hong, L. E., & Reeves, G. (2015). "School-based approaches to reducing the duration of untreated psychosis". Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 24(2), 335-351.
Schlier, B., Jaya, E. S., Moritz, S., & Lincoln, T. M. (2015). "The community assessment of psychic experiences measures nine clusters of psychosis-like experiences: a validation of the German version of the CAPE". Schizophrenia Research, 169(1-3), 274-279.
Schubart, C. D., Van Gastel, W. A., Breetvelt, E. J., Beetz, S. L., Ophoff, R. A., Sommer, I. E. C., ... & Boks, M. P. M. (2011). "Cannabis use at a young age is associated with psychotic experiences". Psychological medicine, 41(6), 1301.
Scott, J., Chant, D., Andrews, G., & McGRATH, J. O. H. N. (2006). "Psychotic-like experiences in the general community: the correlates of CIDI psychosis screen items in an Australian sample". Psychological medicine, 36(2), 231-238.
Scott, J., Welham, J., Martin, G., Bor, W., Najman, J., O'Callaghan, M., ... & Mcgrath, J. (2008). "Demographic correlates of psychotic‐like experiences in young Australian adults". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 118(3), 230-237.
Stainton, A., Chisholm, K., Woodall, T., Hallett, D., Reniers, R. L., Lin, A., & Wood, S. J. (2021). "Gender differences in the experience of psychotic-like experiences and their associated factors: A study of adolescents from the general population". Schizophrenia Research, 228, 410-416.
Stefanis, N. C., Hanssen, M., Smirnis, N. K., Avramopoulos, D. A., Evdokimidis, I. K., Stefanis, C. N., ... & Van Os, J. (2002). " Evidence that three dimensions of psychosis have a distribution in the general population". Psychological medicine, 32(2), 347-358.
Sun, M., Wang, D., Jing, L., Xi, C., Dai, L., & Zhou, L. (2020). " Psychometric properties of the 15-item positive subscale of the community assessment of psychic experiences". Schizophrenia Research, 222, 160-166.
Taber, K. H., Murphy, D. D., Blurton-Jones, M. M., & Hurley, R. A. (2001). "An update on estrogen: higher cognitive function, receptor mapping, neurotrophic effects". The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 13(3), 313-317.
Unterrassner, L. (2018). Subtypes of psychotic-like experiences and their significance for mental health. In Psychosis-Biopsychosocial and Relational Perspectives. IntechOpen.
Van Os, J., Hanssen, M., Bijl, R. V., & Ravelli, A. (2000). Strauss (1969) revisited:" a psychosis continuum in the general population?". Schizophrenia research, 45(1-2), 11-20.
Van Os, J., Linscott, R. J., Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., & Krabbendam, L. J. P. M. (2009). " A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: evidence for a psychosis proneness-persistence-impairment model of psychotic disorder". Psychological medicine, 39(2), 179.
Vermeiden, M., Janssens, M., Thewissen, V., Akinsola, E., Peeters, S., Reijnders, J., ... & Lataster, J. (2019). " Cultural differences in positive psychotic experiences assessed with the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences-42 (CAPE-42): a comparison of student populations in the Netherlands, Nigeria and Norway". BMC psychiatry, 19(1), 1-15.
Vinkers, C. H., Van Gastel, W. A., Schubart, C. D., Van Eijk, K. R., Luykx, J. J., Van Winkel, R., ... & Wiersma, D. (2013). " The effect of childhood maltreatment and cannabis use on adult psychotic symptoms is modified by the COMT Val158Met polymorphism". Schizophrenia research, 150(1), 303-311.
Wilhelm, K., Mitchell, P., Slade, T., Brownhill, S., & Andrews, G. (2003). "Prevalence and correlates of DSM-IV major depression in an Australian national survey". Journal of affective disorders, 75(2), 155-162.
Yates, K., Lång, U., Cederlöf, M., Boland, F., Taylor, P., Cannon, M., ... & Kelleher, I. (2019). "Association of psychotic experiences with subsequent risk of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and suicide deaths: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal population studies". JAMA psychiatry, 76(2), 180-189.
Yung, A. R., Buckby, J. A., Cotton, S. M., Cosgrave, E. M., Killackey, E. J., Stanford, C., ... & McGorry, P. D. (2006). "Psychotic-like experiences in nonpsychotic help-seekers: associations with distress, depression, and disability". Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(2), 352-359.
Yung, A. R., Yung, A. R., Pan Yuen, H., Mcgorry, P. D., Phillips, L. J., Kelly, D., ... & Buckby, J. (2005). " Mapping the onset of psychosis: the comprehensive assessment of at-risk mental states". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39(11-12), 964-971.