نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 M.A. in Clinical Psychology, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology Department, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran.

3 Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparing the Efficacy of Three Therapeutic Methods of Emotional Expression, Mental and Combined Relaxation in Reducing Perceived Stress

نویسندگان [English]

  • Nader Naderi 1
  • Farideh Hossein Sabet 2
  • Faramarz Sohrabi 3

1 M.A. in Clinical Psychology, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology Department, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran.

3 Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

The phenomenon of stress and its role in sickness and health is overt. Furthermore, various studies have confirmed the role of emotions in psychological well-being; but the relation between stress and emotions is one of the important issues about which there are different theories. The aim of the present study is to compare the effect of three interventions including: emotional expression, meditation and compound method on perceived stress.
The design used in the present study is quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest with control group and a two-month follow-up stage. Forty men who voluntarily had referred to Tavan Afza Clinic were chosen using hand-to-hand sampling method and were randomly assigned to four groups. The Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale was used in the pretest, posttest and follow-up stages and the intervention lasted for eight sessions within one month. The data were analyzed by covariance and T-test independent group test. The statistical data indicated that the difference between the compound treatment group and control group by the significance level of 5% and the confidence level of 95% was significant; but the difference between the other groups was not significant. The results indicated that the compound method can be effective in reducing perceived stress of the youth. Therefore, this method can be used as an effective way to reduce stress in the stressed-out people and to improve psychological well-being in the youth.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Emotional expression
  • Meditation
  • Perceived stress
Amirabadi, Leila; Khalatbary, Javad; Rezabakhsh, H. (1389). Perceived stress among students of Islamic Azad University of Karaj with different styles documents 1378. Learning Management Innovation. Volume 5 Issue 4 Page 119-107.
Bahramkhani, Mohammed; Ali Pour, Ahmad; Jan Bozorgie, M. Barzegar Qazi, Kamal. (1390). Effectiveness of Progressive Relaxation Training on perceived stress in patients with essential hypertension, clinical psychology, Volume 3, Issue 9.
Bahrami, Hadi. 1388 Addiction and Prevention Process (third edition), Tehran, Publication.
Bakhshani, Noor Mohammad; Birashk, Behrooz ; Atefvahid, Mohammed Kazem; Bolhari, Ja'far (1382). The relationship between perceived social support and stressful life events and depression, thoughts and behavior, Year 9, Issue 2.
Basharpoor, Sajad; Narimany, Mohammed; Issazadegan, Ali. (1392). Coping styles and social support, perceived stress, psychological studies of Al-Zahra University, Volume 9, Issue 2.
Burke, Laura (2007) psychology of growth (sixteenth edition), Yahya Syed Mohammad, Tehran, Arasbaran, Autumn, 1389.
Parvin, Jaan (2001) .Personality (fourth edition), Alderman and Javadi, Tehran, Autumn 1392.
Jalali, Said Farzad; KheyrKhah, Farzan; Haji Ahmadi, Mohammed; Seifi ZareiBahram (1387). The therapeutic effect of laughing on blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension, Journal of Babol University Medical Sciences, tenth period, (5), 40-35.
Haji Amini, Zahra; Cheraghali Pour Zargham; Ebadi, Abbas; Azad, Esfandiar; Teaching, Davood; Anonymous lineage, H. (1389). Prevalence of occupational stress on drivers in Tehran, Journal of Management Law, Volume 5, Number 1.
Khoramabadi, Yadu'llah; Amini, Yasaman; Darfar, Reza; Heidari Moghadam, Rashid; Keykhany, Sattar; Ashrafi Hafez, Asghar; Mozaffarizadeh, Syed Sajjad (1391). The effect of music therapy on reducing addiction, anxiety, depression, drug addicts, Journal of the History of Medicine, No. 13, 125-108.
Kheyr, Mohammed; Saif, Diba (1383). Examine the relationship between coping skills and academic achievement due to demographic factors, scholar behavior, Year 11, Issue 4.
Reza-Khani, Simindokht; Pashashrifi, Hassan; Delaware, Ali; Shafiabadi, Abdullah (1387). Students stressors, thoughts and behavior, Volume 3, Issue 9.
Rahimi, Kaveh (1393). Stress management training on reducing perceived stress and the changing attitudes to drug by using drug-dependent male prisoners, General Psychology Allameh Tabataba’i University, master's thesis.
Rezapour Mir Saleh; Yasser, Reyhani. Bakery, Mahmoud; Aboutorabi Kashani, Parisa (1389). The relationship between the components of emotional expressiveness and self-concept in male and female students, Applied Psychology, Vol. 4, No. 1 (11).
Roger, Dark (1388). Adapt to changes in life (first edition), this year, Iran Davoudi, Tehran, Roshd publication.
Rafienia, Parvin; Rasoulzadeh Tabatabai; Azadfallah, Parviz (1385). The relationship between emotional expression styles with general health of students, Journal of Psychology, Vol. 10, No. 1.
Shafiabadi Abdullah (1386). The effectiveness of rational-emotional-behavioral group therapy and psychodrama in the style of emotional expression, Iranian psychology, Year 4, Issue 13.
Saif Ali Akbar (1392). Change the behavior and health behavior, theories and methods (frequent printing XVIII), Tehran, period.
Soltani shal, Reza; Aghamohammadian Sherbaf; Hamid Reza. Kareshki; H. (1392). The role of mediation type of personality and emotional intelligence and perceived stress and coping strategies in the quality of life for heart patients, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Vol. 17, No. 8.
Navrood, Seyed Amir; Zeinali, N. (1391). The relationship between spouse abuse, social support and perceived stress in women with addicted and non-addicted husbands in Rasht, Nursing and Midwifery, Vol. 22, No. 68.
Shahristani, Malihe; Ghanbari, B. Ali; Syed Hashem, H. (1391). The effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive group therapy on improvement of perceived stress in infertile women undergoing treatment for infertility and understanding unreasonable IVF. Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility (19).
Shams, Mohsen; Bayati, Akram; Jahani, A. (1390). The effect of Holy Quran on stress, monthly of Shahed University, Year 19, No. 95.
Schultz, Devon (2005) theory of personality (print 22) Seyyed Mohammad Yahya, Tehran, Publish, edit, autumn 1391.
Shahgholian, M; Moradi, Ali Reza; Kafi, Seyyed Musa (1386). The relationship between alexithymia with the emotional expression styles and general health of students, Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 13, No. 3.
Ali Pour, Ahmad; Ahmad Ali; Yazdanifar, M.; Harris, M. (1390). Effectiveness of stress and inhibition hat emotional expression in patients with psychosomatic disorder. Journal of University of Medical Sciences. Volume 9, Issue 2, 41 and 47.
Azizi, Alireza; Mirzaee Azad; Shams, J. (1389). Distress tolerance, emotion regulation investigate the relationship between students' dependence on cigarettes, Allameh University psychologist (probably), Volume 13, Issue 1.
Ghaffari, Mozafar; Rezai, Ali. (1390). Examine the practice of religious beliefs and self-efficacy anticipate the amount and type of perceived stress in students. Behavioral Sciences Research, Volume 9, Issue 4.
Falah, T; Sohrabi, F; Mohammadi, A. (1390). Compare the effectiveness of music therapy with directed thought and cognitive strategies to reduce student anxiety, clinical psychology and personality (intellectual, behavioral), Issue 4, 16-9.
Fathi al-Mahdi; Sadeghi, Ali; Sharifi; Ali, Mitra; Pour Fereydooni, F. (1389). The effect of relaxation training in reducing job stress, Journal of Research in Medical Sciences.
Qara Zibae, Fatima; Ali Akbari Dehkordi, M.; Alipur, Ahmed.;  Mohtashami, T. (1391). A significant effect on perceived stress group therapy and life expectancy in patients with multiple sclerosis, research on mental health, Volume 6, Issue 4.
Ghasempour, Abdullah; Ilbeigi, Reza; Hassanzadeh, Sh;
 Nazareth, Abuzar (1390). Comparing students' emotion regulation in smokers and nonsmokers, health and psychology, Volume 1, Issue 3.
Gashdarpoor. Ghouchani, Saied; Pour Gashvar, Atekeh; Saadatian, V. (1391). Estimate the depth of meditation using electromagnetic signals and heart rate, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Volume 20, Number 79, 44 and 54.
Maliki, Marzieh; Qadri, Muhammad; Ashktorab, T. Jabbari, Hadi; Mohammadi, A. (1391). The effect of soft music on physiological parameters of patients with brain injuries in intensive care units, Volume 8, Issue 1.
Zahra. Naqvi, Spring;  Rashvand, F.; Alavi Majd, Hamid. The bright, August (1389). Laugh therapy impact on fatigue and depression in patients with MS referred to the MS Society of Iran, the Journal of the School of Nursing and Midwifery martyr Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Volume 20, Number 70, 11-7.
Article Mousavi, Seyed Ali; Commands, Ali; Hadinia, Abolghasem; Rakhsha, Syed Hamid Raza; Pou, Abdullah (1388). The effect of relaxation training to pregnant mothers on infant health indicators, give the journal Science, Volume 4, Number 2, (sequential number 54).
Mazloum, Reza; Fatemeh, Said; Qa'ravi, Morteza; Lotfabadi Kashani, M; Shadi, M. (1391). Effect of immunization against nurses in mental stress, perceived stress, evidence-based care, Volume 2, Issue 2.
Navid, Ahmad. (1387). The effect of anger management training on coping skills boys secondary school in Tehran, Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Issue 4, 403-394.
Naderi, Firoozeh; Mohammed Zadeh, Mohammed Nazmi. Fariba, Rashvand. M. (1393). Compare the effect of music on the threshold of pain, anxiety, behavioral responses and pain during dressing change parameters dynamically He and burn patients, Knowledge Horizon Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 1, 68-64.
Hrizchi Qadim. Koochaksarai; Fatemeh. Talebi, M.; Medical, Mohammed Zakaria (1388) Written Emotional planning and external effects on depression and anxiety in patients with multiple sclerosis, brain and nerves of Iran, Year 8, Number 25.
Agarwal S.K.; Marshall G. D. ( 2001). Stress effects on immunity and its application to clinical Immunology. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 31: 25-31.
AdiCymerblit- Sabba, Salman Zubedat, Shlomit Age- Mizrachi, GhadeerBiady, Bashar Nakhash, Shelly Rubin Ganel, Bella Shapira, Dan Grinstein, Avi Avital.(2015). Mapping the developmental trajectory of stress effects: pubescence as the risk window. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 52:168-175.
Bulent.Turan; Carol Foltz; James F.; Cavanagh, B.; Alan Wallace; Margaret Cullen; Erika L. Rosenberg; Jenninges, Ekman.(2015). Anticipatory sensitization to repeated stressor: the role of initial cortisol reactivity and meditation/emotion skill training. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 52:299-238.
Cohen S, Kamarck T.; Mermelstein R (1983).A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of health and social behavior. 385 – 396.
Emmons R.A.; Colby. P.M.(1995). Emotional conflict and well-being, relation to perceived availability, daily utilization and observer reports of social support. Journal of personality and social psychology.65:947- 959.
Fernando L ,Vazquez, Angela Torres, Vanessa Blanco, Olga Diaz, Patricia Otero, Elisabet Hermida. (2012). Comparison of relaxation training with a Cognitive-Behavioural intervention for indicated prevention of depression in university students: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of psychiatric Research.46:1456-1463.
Jonathan B. Banks, Matthew S. Welhaf, Alexandra Srour.(2015). The protective effects of brief mindfulness meditation training. Consciousness and cognition. 33:277-285.
James J. Gross. Antecedent – and Response – Focused Emotion Regulation: Divergent Consequences for Experience, Expression, and psychology. Journal of personality and social psychology. 74: 224-237.
Jie Liu, Guo-Hua Deng, Jie Zhang, Ying Wang, Xiang-Yu Xia, Xia-Mei Luo, Yao- Tiao Deng, Sha- Sha He, Yin- Yan- Mao, Xing-Chen Peng, Yu-Quan Wei, Yu- Quan Wei, Yu Jiang.(2015).The effect of chronic stress on anti- angiogenesis of colorectal cancer models. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 52:130-142.
Jennifer S; Lerner, Ronald E; Dahl, Ahmad R.; Hariri, Shelley E.; Taylor.(2007). Facial expressions of emotional reveal neuroendocrine and cardiovascular stress responses. Biolpsychiatry.61:263-260.
Jennifer L; Bryan, Michelle C; Quist, Chelsie M. Young,mai-lyN.DawnW.; Foster, Qian Lu.(2014).Pet affinity buffers the negative impact of ambivalence over emotional expression on perceived social support. Personality and individual differences. 68:23-27.
Gross J. J, John P. O, Richards J. M. (2000). The dissociation of emotion expression from emotion experience: A personality perspective. PersSocPsychol .26: 712- 726.
Kaina Zhou; XiaomeiLi,Jin Li, Miao Liu,Shaonong Dang, Duolao Wang, Xia Xin.(2015). A clinical randomized controlled trial of music therapy and progressive muscle relaxation training in female breast cancer patients after radical mastectomy: Results on depression, anxity and length of hospital stay. European Journal of Oncology Nursing. 19:54-59.
Keith J, Petrie, Roger J, Booth, Jamesw, Pennebaker .(1998). The immunological effects of thought suppression. Personality processes and individual differences.75.5:1264-1272.
Lazarus. R (.1 993.). From psychological  three to thee Motionsa History of Changing Outlooks. AnnuR.ev. Psychol. 44:1 -21
Lupien.S. J, Maheu. F, Tu.M, Fiocco.A, Schramek.( 2007). T.E, The effects of stress and stress hormones on human cognition: Implications for the field of brain and cognition. Brain and Cognition. 65: 209–237.
Lars-OlovLondqvist, Fredrik Carlsson, Per Hilmersson, Patrik N. Juslin. (2009). Emotion responses to music: expression, and psychology .Psychology of music. 37:61-90.
Michael. J, Hamlin.(2007). The effect of contrast temperature water therapy on repeated sprint performance. Science direct. V 10.6:394-402.
Mooventhan. A and Nivethitha. L .(2014).scientific evidence-based effects of hydrotherapy on various systems of the body. Journal of medical sciences.6(5). 199-209.
Petrie. K. J, Booth. R. J; Pennebaker. J. W; Davison. K.P; Thomas. M. G .(1995).disclosure of trauma and immune response to a hepatitis B vaccination. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.63(5).787-792.
Qian Lu, Jenny Man, Jin You, AngisS.Leroy. (2015).The link between ambivalence over emotional expression and depressive symptoms among Chinese breast cancer survivors. Journal of psychosomatic research. In press accepted manuscript, available online 20january 2015.
Rezaei Karegar Flor, Kalantar Choreishi Monir, AjilchiBita, Noohi Shahnaz. (2013). Effect of Relaxation Training on working memory capacity and Academic Achievement in Adolescents. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences.82,3:600-613.
Ramon Mova Ripoll, Isabel Quintana Casado. (2010).Laughter and positive therapies: Modern approach and practical use in medicine. Revista de Psiquiatria Y Salud Mental.3:27-34.
Soonja Kim, Junghee Ki. (2014).A case study on the effects of the creative art therapy with stretching and walking meditation_ focusing on the improvement of emotional expression and alleviation of somatisation symptoms in a neurasthenic adolescent. The arts in psychotherapy. 41:71-78.
Yeoungsuk Song, Ruth Lindquist. (2015). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on depression anxiety, stress and mindfulness in Korean nursing students. Nurse Education Today. 35:86-90.
Wayne A. Hing, Steven G. White, Anousith Bouaaphone, Peter Lee.(2008).contrast therapy-A systematic review. Science Direct. V 9.3:148-161.