مطالعات روان‌شناسی بالینی

شماره جاری

بر اساس شماره‌های نشریه

بر اساس نویسندگان

بر اساس موضوعات

نمایه نویسندگان

نمایه کلیدواژه ها

درباره نشریه

اهداف و چشم انداز

اصول اخلاقی انتشار مقاله

بانک ها و نمایه نامه ها

پیوندهای مفید

پرسش‌های متداول

فرایند پذیرش مقالات

اطلاعات آماری نشریه

اخبار و اعلانات

داوران 1399

داوران 1400

The Phenomenology of Shame: A Qualitative Study

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Psychology, University of Sciences and Culture, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Family Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

3 Assistant Professor, Center of medical education- Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.

4 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Psychology, University of Sciences and Culture, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده

Shame is one of the emotions that a person experiences in a variety of everyday situations and many cases it is annoying. Shame is known as a moral emotion, yet its role in psychopathology has been emphasized. This study aimed to examine the lived experience of shame in individuals. This research is a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. This research describes in-depth what shame is and how it is experienced from the perspective of individuals. The participants included eight men and seven women who contributed to an in-depth unstructured interview. A seven-step Colaizzi method was used to analyze the data. Data were analyzed using MAXQDA (2018) software.Based on our findings, the eight themes of "physical reactions", "accompanying emotions", "making mistakes", "vicarious shame", "gaze of others", "being subject to judgment", " preoccupation" and three sub-themes of "worry", "rumination" and "blame", "existential shame" with the sub-themes of "inadequacy" and "feeling different" are the most common ones in people's experience of shame. Results are discussed regarding the existing literature. In general, the study of people's experience of shame shows that there are common themes in the description of different people from what they have experienced. The use of shame as a concept in psychotherapy may improve our understanding of the nature of some psychological problems.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Phenomenology of Shame: A Qualitative Study

نویسندگان [English]

  • morteza keshmiri 1
  • Freshteh Mootabi 2
  • ladan fata 3
  • mohsen Kachooei 4

1 Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Psychology, University of Sciences and Culture, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Family Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

3 Assistant Professor, Center of medical education- Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.

4 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Psychology, University of Sciences and Culture, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Background: Shame is one of the emotions that a person experiences in a variety of everyday situations and many cases it is annoying. Shame is known as a moral emotion, yet its role in psychopathology has been emphasized. This study aimed to examine the lived experience of shame in individuals.
Methods: This research is a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. This research describes in-depth what shame is and how it is experienced from the perspective of individuals. The participants included eight men and seven women who contributed to an in-depth unstructured interview. A seven-step Colaizzi method was used to analyze the data. Data were analyzed using MAXQDA software (2018).
Results: Based on our findings, the eight themes of "physical reactions", "accompanying emotions", "making mistakes", "vicarious shame", "gaze of others", "being subject to judgment", " preoccupation" and three sub-themes of "worry", "rumination" and "blame", "existential shame" with the sub-themes of "inadequacy" and "feeling different" are the most common ones in people's experience of shame.
Conclusion: Results are discussed regarding the existing literature. In general, the study of people's experience of shame shows that there are common themes in the description of different people from what they have experienced. The use of shame as a concept in psychotherapy may improve our understanding of the nature of some psychological problems.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Shame
  • Emotions
  • Phenomenology
مراجع
Alexander, F. (1938). Remarks about the relation of inferiority feelings to guilt feelings. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, XIX, 4148.
Bafunno, D., & Camodeca, M. (2013). Shame and guilt development in preschoolers: The role of context, audience and individual characteristics. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 10(2), 128–143.
Barrett, K. C., Zahn-waxler, C., & Cole, P. M. (1993). Avoiders vs. Amenders: Implications for the investigation of guilt and shame during Toddlerhood? Cognition and Emotion, 7(6), 481–505.
Cândea, D.-M., & Szentágotai-Tătar, A. (2016). Shame as a predictor of post-event rumination in social anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 31(8), 1684–1691.
Cândea, D.-M., & Szentagotai-Tătar, A. (2018). Shame-proneness, guilt-proneness and anxiety symptoms: A meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 58, 78–106.
Caplovitz Barrett, K. (2005). The origins of social emotions and self-regulation in toddlerhood: New evidence. Cognition & Emotion, 19(7), 953–979.
Cook, D. R. (1994). Internalized shame scale: professional manual. Menomonie, WI: Channel Press.
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2014). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage publications.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications.
Cromby, J. (2011). Feeling the Way: Qualitative Clinical Research and the Affective Turn. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 9(1), 88–98.
De Hooge, I. E. (2013). Moral emotions and prosocial behaviour: It may be time to change our view of shame and guilt. In C. Mohiyeddini, M. Eysenck, & S. Bauer (Eds.), Psychology of emotions, motivations and actions. Handbook of psychology of emotions (Vol. 2): Recent theoretical perspectives and novel empirical findings (p. 255–275). Nova Science Publishers.
Emami Sigaroodi A, Dehghan Nayeri N, Rahnavard Z, Nori Saeed A. (2012). Qualitative research methodology: phenomenology. J Holist Nurs Midwifery. 22 (2) :56-63
Fergus, T. A., Valentiner, D. P., McGrath, P. B., & Jencius, S. (2010). Shame- and guilt-proneness: Relationships with anxiety disorder symptoms in a clinical sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(8), 811–815.
Freud, S. (1894). The neuro-psychoses of defense. S.E., Vol. III. London: Hogarth Press
Freud, S. (1905). Three essays on the theory of sexuality. S.E., VII, London: Hogarth Press.
Freud, S. (1909). Analysis of a phobia in a five-year-old boy. In P. Rieff (Ed.), Freud, \The Sexual Enlightenment of Children. New York: Collier books.
Fuchs, T. (2002). The Phenomenology of Shame, Guilt and the Body in Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Depression. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 33(2), 223–243.
Gausel, N., Vignoles, V. L., & Leach, C. W. (2015). Resolving the paradox of shame: Differentiating among specific appraisal-feeling combinations explains pro-social and self-defensive motivation. Motivation and Emotion, 40(1), 118–139.
Ghasemzadeh-Barki, S., & Khezri-Moghadam, N. (2017). The Role of Self-differentiation and Self-conscious of Shame and Guilt in Predicting the Quality of Life of Women with Breast Cancer. Iranian quarterly journal of breast disease, 10(1), 39-47.
Gilbert, P. (1997). The evolution of social attractiveness and its role in shame, humiliation, guilt and therapy. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 70(2), 113–147.
Gilbert, P. (1998). What is shame? Some core issues and controversies. In P. Gilbert, & B. Andrews (Eds.). Shame: Interpersonal behavior, psychopathology, and culture (pp. 3 –38). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Gilbert, P. (2000). The relationship of shame, social anxiety and depression: the role of the evaluation of social rank. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 7(3), 174–189.
Harper, D. (2008). Clinical psychology. In C. Willig & W. Stainton-Rogers (Eds.), The handbook of qualitative research in psychology (pp. 430–454). London: SAGE.
Hasanvand, B., Sharifi Daramadi, P., Delavar, A., & Alaei, P. (2019). Effectiveness of shame management training program on aggression and social skills of children with hearing impairment. Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health, 6(1), 149-162.
Hedman, E., Ström, P., Stünkel, A., & Mörtberg, E. (2013). Shame and Guilt in Social Anxiety Disorder: Effects of Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Association with Social Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms. PLoS ONE, 8(4), e61713.
Hojatkhah, S. M. & Mesbah, I (2016). Effectiveness of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment on social adjustment and internalized shame mothers of children with mental retardation. Quarterly of Psychology of Exceptional Individuals. 6. 24, 2-16.
Hubbard, G., Backett-Milburn, K., & Kemmer, D. (2001). Working with emotion: Issues for the researcher in fieldwork and teamwork. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 4(2), 119–137.
Karlsson, G., & Sjöberg, L. G. (2009). The Experiences of Guilt and Shame: A Phenomenological–Psychological Study. Human Studies, 32(3), 335–355.
Khodabakhsh Pirklany, R. Safaeian, E. (2020). Comparing the Defense styles and the Self-conscious affect of Shame and Guilt in subtypes of Narcissism and comparison with ordinary people. Quarterly Journal of Psychological studies. 15, 4. 7-24.
Kim, S., Thibodeau, R., & Jorgensen, R. S. (2011). Shame, guilt, and depressive symptoms: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 137(1), 68–96.
Laird, J. D., & Lacasse, K. (2013). Bodily Influences on Emotional Feelings: Accumulating Evidence and Extensions of William James’s Theory of Emotion. Emotion Review, 6(1), 27–34.
Lazarus, G., & Shahar, B. (2018). The Role of Shame and Self-Criticism in Social Anxiety: A Daily-Diary Study in a Nonclinical Sample. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 37(2), 107–127.
Leary, M. R. (2007). How the self became involved in affective experience: Three sources of self-reflective emotions. In J. L. Tracy, R. W. Robins, & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research. New York: Guilford Press.
Leeming, D., & Boyle, M. (2011). Managing shame: An interpersonal perspective. British Journal of Social Psychology, 52(1), 140–160.
Lewis, M. (2000). The emergence of human emotions. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed., pp. 265–280). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Lewis, M., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1979). Social cognition and the acquisition of self. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Luoma, J. B., Chwyl, C., & Kaplan, J. (2019). Substance use and shame: A systematic and meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 70, 1–12.
MacCormack, J. K., & Lindquist, K. A. (2016). Bodily Contributions to Emotion: Schachter’s Legacy for a Psychological Constructionist. View on Emotion. Emotion Review, 9(1), 36–45.
Mills, R. S. L. (2005). Taking stock of the developmental literature on shame. Developmental Review, 25(1), 26–63.
Mohammadi, Z., Jowkar, B., & Hossein chari, M. (2014). The anticipation of self-defeating behaviors by goal orientation: the meditational role of shame and guilt feelings. Inc Press.
Morrow, R., Rodriguez, A., & King, N. (2015). Colaizzi’s descriptive phenomenological method. The psychologist, 28(8), 643-644.
Murphy, S. A., & Kiffin-Petersen, S. (2016). The Exposed Self: A Multilevel Model of Shame and Ethical Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 141(4), 657–675.
Nazarov, A., Jetly, R., McNeely, H., Kiang, M., Lanius, R., & McKinnon, M. C. (2015). Role of morality in the experience of guilt and shame within the armed forces. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 132(1), 4–19.
Orth, U., Berking, M., & Burkhardt, S. (2006). Self-Conscious Emotions and Depression: Rumination Explains Why Shame but Not Guilt is Maladaptive. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(12), 1608–1619.
Pivetti, M., Camodeca, M., & Rapino, M. (2016). Shame, guilt, and anger: Their cognitive, physiological, and behavioral correlates. Current Psychology, 35(4), 690-699.
Porter, A. C., Zelkowitz, R. L., Gist, D. C., & Cole, D. A. (2019). Self-Evaluation and Depressive Symptoms: A Latent Variable Analysis of Self-Esteem, Shame-Proneness, and Self-Criticism. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 41(2), 257–270.
Scheel, C. N., Bender, C., Tuschen-Caffier, B., Brodführer, A., Matthies, S., Hermann, C., Geisse, E. K., Svaldi, J., Brakemeier, E.-L., Philipsen, A., & Jacob, G. A. (2014). Do patients with different mental disorders show specific aspects of shame? Psychiatry Research, 220(1–2), 490–495.
Scheel, C. N., Eisenbarth, H., & Rentzsch, K. (2018). Assessment of Different Dimensions of Shame Proneness: Validation of the SHAME. Assessment.
Scherer, K. R., & Wallbott, H. G. (1994). Evidence for universality and cultural variation of differential emotion response patterning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(2), 310–328.
Schoenleber, M., Chow, P. I., & Berenbaum, H. (2014). Self-conscious emotions in worry and generalized anxiety disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(3), 299–314.
Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2017). Theories of personality (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Tangney, J. P. & Dearing, R. L. (2002). Shame and guilt. New York: Guilford Press.
Tangney, J. P., Dearing, R. L., Wagner, P. E., & Gramzow, R. (2000). The Test of Self-Conscious Affect–3 (TOSCA-3). Fairfax, VA: George Mason University.
Thomaes, S., Stegge, H., Olthof, T., Bushman, B. J., & Nezlek, J. B. (2011). Turning shame inside-out: “humiliated fury” in young adolescents. Emotion, 11(4), 786–793.
Tracy, J. L., & Matsumoto, D. (2008). The spontaneous expression of pride and shame: Evidence for biologically innate nonverbal displays. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(33), 11655–11660.
Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2006). Appraisal Antecedents of Shame and Guilt: Support for a Theoretical Model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(10), 1339–1351.
Tracy, Jessica, l. Robins, Richard, w. Tangney, June, Price. (2007). the self-conscious emotions, theory and research. London. The Guilford Press.
Wong, Y., & Tsai, J. (2007). Cultural models of shame and guilt. In J. L. Tracy, R. W. Robins, & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research (p. 209–223). Guilford Press.
Wong, Y., & Tsai, J. (2007). Cultural models of shame and guilt. In J. L. Tracy, R. W. Robins, & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research (p. 209–223). Guilford Press.
مطالعات روان‌شناسی بالینی
دوره 10، شماره 37
دی 1398
صفحه 1-19
فایل ها
هم رسانی
ارجاع به این مقاله
آمار